Participle II as Predicative

In this function participle II denotes a state, as in:

The Fada road is finished, the great idea is realized.

You seem surprized.

He looks perplexed and troubled.

He felt thoroughly disappointed.

The door remained locked.

Occasionally we come across an active participle II used predicatively:

The sun is not risen.

Everybody is gone.

Evening is come.

Participle II as Adverbial Modifier

The adverbial function and meaning of participle II can be seen only from the general meaning of the sentence. Thus, if considered by itself the participle phrase, arrived there does not suggest any idea of time, but in the context of the sentence Arrived there, he went into a shop the phrase acquires the function and meaning of an adverbial modifier of time. In the vast majority of cases, when used adverbially, participle II is preceded by a conjunction, which explicitly indicates the semantic type of the adverbial modifier.

Participle II may serve as an adverbial modifier of:

time, usually with the conjunction when or until:

He is very affable when spoken to, but naturally silent.

He won’t stop arguing until interrupted.

reason:

Deprived of his wife and son by the Spanish adventure, Jolyon found the solitude at Robin Hill intolerable.

condition, mostly with the conjunctions if or unless:

I shall certainly give evidence on your behalf, if required.

John will speak for hours, unless interrupted.

concession, with the conjunctions though or although:

Though asked in disarming sociability, Haldone’s question was loaded.

comparison, with the conjunctions as if or as though:

“I get off the train,” he repeated as if hypnotized.

Predicative Constructions with Participle II

Participle II forms the second (verbal) element of the objective with the participle construction and of the absolute participial construction in two variants: non-prepositional and prepositional.

The objective participial construction with participle п

Model: I must have my watch mended. Мне нужно починить часы.

I never heard him spoken of badly.

Я никогда не слышал, чтобы о нем плохо отзывались.

The objective participial construction with participle II consists of a noun in the common case or a personal pronoun in the objective case and participle II forming a syntactical complex, in which the two components are in a predicative relationship. The construction functions as a complex object to transitive verbs, mainly verbs (a) of a causative meaning, (b) of physical perception, (c) of wish:

1. to have, to get, to make

You must have your photo taken.

Where did you have your hair done?

I won't have my best friend laughed at.

We must get our tickets registered.

The speaker made himself heard with the help of a microphone.

Note: Besides the causative meaning suggesting inducement, sentences with the verb to have may occasionally express experience or possession, participle II emphasizing the resulting state, as in:

The patient had an arm broken.

I have my task done.

If the action is emphasized, the perfect form is preferable:

The patient had broken an arm.

I have done my task.

Notice the difference in translation:

У больного сломана рука. Больной сломал руку.

Мое задание выполнено. Я выполнил задание.

b) to see, to hear, to feel, to find

I saw Jane addressed by a stranger.

Have you ever heard the writer's name mentioned before?

We found the door locked.

c) to wish, to want, to like, to prefer

I want the answer sent at once.

We prefer the letters answered by the chief.

Note: Sentences with causative verbs are usually translated into Russian by simple sentences, the causative meaning being evident from the context or the situation. In other cases a complex sentence is preferable with an object subordinate clause.