10. Переведите текст письменно.

Microeconomics

The word “micro” means small, and microeconomics means economics in the small. The optimizing behavior of individual units such as households and firms provides the foundation for microeconomics.

Microeconomists may investigate individual markets or even the economy as a whole, but their analyses are derived from the aggregation of the behavior of individual units. Microeconomic theory is used extensively in many areas of applied economics. For example, it is used in industrial organisation, labor economics, international trade, cost-benefit analysis, and many other economic subfields. The tools and analyses of microeconomics provide a common ground, and even a language, for economists interested in a wide range of problems. At one time there was a sharp distinction in both methodology and subject matter between microeconomics and macroeconomics.

The methodological distinction became somewhat blurred during the 1970s as more and more macroeconomic analyses were built upon microeconomic foundations. Nonetheless, major distinctions remain between the two major branches of economics. For example, the microeconomist is interested in the determination in the general price level and its change over time.

Optimization plays a key role in microeconomics. The consumer is assumed to maximize profit or minimize utility or satisfaction subject to the constraints imposed by income or income earning power. The producer is assumed to maximize profit or minimize cost subject to the technological constraints under which the firm operates. Optimization of social welfare sometimes is the criterion for the determination of public policy.

Opportunity cost is an important concept in microeconomics. Many courses of action are valued in terms of what is sacrificed so that they might be undertaken. For example, the opportunity cost of a public project is the value of the additional goods that the private sector would have produced with the resources used for the public project.

Вариант №5

1. Спишите, подчеркните сказуемое. Определите видовременную форму и залог глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He was much spoken to.

2. Man proposes, God disposes.

3. He studies at our institute.

4. They lived in London for a long time, but now they live in Edinburgh.

5. When I saw him he was going home.

6. In five years he will work as a manager.

7. We shall be writing our tests at 10 o’clock.

8. He has decided to sign this contract.

9. I’m often asked at the seminars.

10. Is Mr. Brown working this week? –No, he is on holiday.

2. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму. К выделенным словам задайте специальные вопросы.

1. The chief was talking on the phone at that time.

2. They have obtained a license lately.

3. I trust him.

4. She saved up to go abroad.

5. There were only some days of doing that.

3. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами.

1. … you remember the address?

2. … I smoke here? –No, you … .

3. I finish this work today. I’m tired.

4. You … explain anything. I know everything.

5. You … to buy it now. Prices … go up.

4. Поставьте вместо точек слова some, any, every, no или их производные.

1. Have you … interesting to read? – Yes, come to my place. I’ve got … interesting books. You make take … of them.

2. You must ask … to help you in this work.

3. I know … about it.

4. He asked the secretary whether there was … waiting for him.

5. Did you go … yesterday? –No, I didn’t but I shall go … tomorrow.

5. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в соответствующую форму. Помните о согласовании времен в придаточных условия и времени.

1. If you (catch) a taxi, you (meet) Mary at the station.

2. When the bus (come) we (be) ready to go.

3. If I (hear) any news, I (phone) you.

4. The manager (ring) you up when he come.

5. As soon as we (receive) your telegram we (instruct) our Moscow office to prepare the goods for shipment.

6. Замените прямую речь косвенной.

1. I said to him: “Open the door, please.”

2. The manager said to the secretary: “Copy the letter.”

3. She asked: “Don’t be late.”

4. “Buy some meat in the shop,” said my wife to me.

5. The boss said to them: “Don’t leave the office until I come back.”

7. Спишите, подчеркните причастие II, определите его функцию и переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. The question discussed at a number of meetings last month has been now decided.

2. Sent to the wrong address the letter didn’t reach him.

3. The captain informed us of the quantity of wheat loaded.

4. Part of the cargo was placed on deck.

8. Спишите и переведите. Обращая внимание на перевод сложного дополнения (Complex Object).

1. I would like the secretary to make an appointment with the marketing manager.

2. Our manager heard Mr. Brown promising to deliver the machines promptly.

3. You expect the compressors to be shown in operation, don’t you? –Yes, we do. But I’m afraid that won’t be shown.

4. When do you want the goods to be delivered? –By the end of the year.

9. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к нему.

An Offer, its Kinds

An offer (a quotation) is a statement by the Sellers usually in written form expressing their wish to sell the goods. But it is not legal document i.e. if the Sellers for this or that reason decide not to sell, the Buyers have no legal remedy. An offer is only the first step in a contract.

Offers (quotations) will as a rule include the following information:

1. the description of the goods offered (their quality, quantity)

2. details of prices, discounts and terms of payment

3. the date or the time and place of delivery

There may be different kinds of offers.

Sometimes the Sellers may offer their goods to their regular customers without waiting for an inquiry or they may be forced to take the initiative under present competitive conditions and to send their quotation to those who may be interested in their goods. These are voluntary offers of sometimes they are called free offers. They were formerly called offers without obligations. In this case there must be an indication in the offer that it is made subject to the goods being unsold (available) when the order is received. The opening phrases in voluntary offers may be: “We think you will be interested in our quotation for the goods” or “We have pleasure in enclosing our latest catalogue (or the price-list of our products)”.

• Выпишите из текста предложения с модальными глаголами и переведите их на русский язык.

• Выпишите из текста предложения, где сказуемые используются в страдательном залоге.

• Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно:

1. What is an offer?

2. What information is usually included in an offer?

3. What kinds of offers do you know?

4. What is a free offer?

5. When are free offers made?

6. What qualifying words in an offer indicate that it is a voluntary one?

7. What are the usual opening phrases in voluntary offers?