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Individualism

  • characteristic feature of modern society

  • people - individuals

Communitarianism

  • traditional societies

  • people – part of a group

NEUTRAL vs. EMOTIONAL / AFFECTIVE

Neutral

  • emotions are held in check

  • emotions – confuse the issue

  • Germany, USA, north-west Europe

Emotional / affective

  • often smile

  • talk loudly

  • UK

SPECIFIC vs. DIFFUSE

Specific

  • individuals have large public space and readily let others enter and share it

  • guard closely their relatively small private zone => they share it only with family and close friends

Diffuse

  • public and private zones – similar

ACHIEVMENT vs. ASCRIPTION

Achievement

  • status based on – how well they perform their functions

  • high status is given to high achievers

Ascription

  • status is based on – what a person is

  • status based on age, gender, social connections

attitude to time

In certain cultures

  • US, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany

  • time is perceived as passing in a straight line

Other cultures – time is moving in a circle

  • differences in planning, strategy, investment

attitude to environment

Inner directed

  • people believe n controlling things

Outer-directed

  • people believe in letting things take their own course

Non-verbal communications

different cultures => different meaning in non-verbal signals => interpret these signals differently

  • language forms (grammar, non-verbal gestures) – difficult to codify

  • human body is capable of 270 000 gestures

  • only 30 % of what is communicated in a conversation is verbal

  • feelings:

  1. difficult to control

  2. difficult to recognize

  3. difficult to rationalize

  4. difficult to reject

  5. express everything that is not said

Two types of cultures:

EXPLICITE CULTURE

  • low context

  • everything is said explicitly and directly

  • e.g. Germanic culture

  • the relationship between the parities is based on a contract (detailed, explained obligations,..)

  • communication - formal

  • conflicts of interest are accepted

  • each company tries to protect its own interests

IMLICITE CULTURE

  • high context

  • use implicit or non-verbal messages

  • e.g. China, Japan

  • relationship is based on personal relations

  • obligations – not carefully explained

  • provisions about the future cooperations are not included

  • communication – formal, informal

  • companies try to work together to solve the problem

Perception of time

APPOINTMENT TIME

  • deals with issue of punctuality

  • Germanic, Anglo, Scandinavian cultures – the perception of punctuality is strict

  • The Middle Eastern, LA cultures – less urgency to appointment time

SCHEDULE TIME

  • cultures where it is difficult to plan and control future – give much less importance to scheduling

  • constant pressure on people to finish their job => Arab countries

  • Anglo and Germanic culture - needling8 is interpreted as bad manners

DISCUSSION TIME

Individualist cultures (Anglo, Germanic, Central European):

  • the main point is cover in as short time as possible

  • the length of discussion depends on gravity of subject

Latin cultures:

  • meetings, negotiations – longer

  • the lengthening of the discussion time in order to develop relationship => good manners

Asian countries

  • meeting, negotiations – long time

Interruptions and pauses in conversations:

  • e.g. Scandinavians and the Japanese – pause of 3 up to 7 seconds between reactions during a conversations

ACQUITANCE TIME

  • US, European countries - very short

  • Arab cultures - with individual is more important than with the organization he/she represents

  • longer => necessary to built a relationship of personal trust

MONOCHRONIC TIME vs. POLYCHRONIC TIME

Monochronic

  • these culture perceive and use the time in a sequential and linear way

  • Germanic cultures, Anglo-Saxons cultures

Polychronic

  • the simultaneity of different activities

  • priorities are given to individuals rather than to a well fixed programme

  • time schedules – neglected11

  • programmes, projects changed easily and frequently

  • relationships and people – more important than the task

  • punctuality is relative

  • Latin cultures

Stance and distance

  • Arabs – 45 cm

  • Anglos, Czechs – distance more than 120-150cm

Touching

  • Latins – touch each other during the conversations => never China, Scandinavian countries, Indonesia

  • Europe, USA – firm handshake – strength of character

  • Middle East – light handshake

Smiling

  • Orientals – matter of etiquette

  • Westerns – smile indicates pleasure, good humour

Czech business

Power distance : 44

Czechs – relatively tolerant; reserved

A personified, official authority x authority which is based on expert knowledge

Czechs respect only such power which at the same time represents a natural, social and moral authority with expert knowledge

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