Вариант 1

1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них инфинитив, определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Various types of hoists powered either by human labour or animals were used from ancient times to raise and lower loads.

2. It’s important to know which parts are critical to a house’s structure.

3. They seem to have already finished the construction of this building.

4. He is known to have been working on this drawing for several weeks.

5. This house is said to have been constructed recently.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них причастие; определите тип причастия (Participle I или Participle II). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When reinforced, concrete regains great strength.

2. Having applied early, he was disappointed not to be accepted.

3. He spent a lot of money modernizing the house.

4. Having finished the work on the drawing he left the office.

5. Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните и определите в каждом из них инфинитивную конструкцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He is said to have been appointed manager at a big plant.

2. His “country cottage” turned out to be an enormous bungalow.

3. The commission board considered him to be the best candidate for this position.

4. He stepped aside for me to pass.

5. The students watched the experienced engineer demonstrate the advantages of silica concrete.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните и определите в каждом из них причастную конструкцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He had the walls of his room painted.

2. The professor being ill, the lecture was put off.

3. Having tested the new type of hoisting crane, the engineer offered some recommendations as to its use.

4. With a minimum of changes having taken place in the post-tensioning system, one can be sure of obtaining a post-tensioned crack-free panel.

5. The experiment having been finished the students left the laboratory.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с первого по последний абзац текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 1, 2 и 3 абзацы текста.

Floor Systems

1. The continuous slab constitutes a floor system. Before the development of the reinforced concrete slab, the nearest equivalents were the floor composed of timber or stone beams set immediately alongside one another, and the floor provided by a more or less solid fill above a brick or concrete vault.

2. The first of these involved a very extravagant use of material and hence expenditure of effort. The second was more efficient, inherently strong, and fireproof, and continued to be used for these reasons until supplanted by the reinforced–concrete slab. But it had the drawbacks of greater overall depth than alternative forms, and of greater weight plus the generation of outward thrusts, so that stronger walls were called for.

3. The alternative to these forms was always some composite system, with beams as the principal spanning and load-bearing elements. In the commonest of these systems, still widely used, light timber beams span at short intervals between opposite walls and are covered by boards or twigs and rammed earth.

4. Today the usual floor system, apart from intermediate floors within single dwellings, is the reinforced-concrete slab with or without projecting beams. For very heavy loadings and wide spans, a grid of beams within a bay may be used to stiffen and strengthen the slab without requiring it to be of great thickness throughout. In all cases, the slab has a great advantage over the earlier systems because it is a good horizontal diaphragm, binding the walls or columns together and distributing any side loads between them.