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Seminar 5 literary terms

Antitheses opposition, or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction

Foreshadowing is a literary technique used to provide clues for the reader to be able to predict what might occur later on in the story. It is a literary device in which an author drops hints about the plot and what may come in the near future. It suggests certain plot developments will come later in the story. It gives hints about what’s going to happen next in your story.

Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes.

Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.

Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. A theme may be stated or implied. Themes may be major or minor. A major theme is an idea the author returns to time and again. It becomes one of the most important ideas in the story. Minor themes are ideas that may appear from time to time.

Allegory is a way of explaining things which cannot easily be explained, by telling a story which has a deeper meaning. This means that we use an allegorical way of saying something that is hard to explain. Sometimes use everyday terms and situations are used to illustrate a spiritual meaning.

Key literary technique

Antitheses

"No careful reader of Tolkien's fiction can fail to be aware of the polarities that give it form and fiction,"[1] writes Verlyn Flieger. Tolkien's extensive use of duality and parallelism, contrast and opposition is found throughout the novel, in hope and despair, knowledge and enlightenment, death and immortality, fate and free will. One famous example is the often criticized polarity between Evil and Good in Tolkien. Orcs, the most maligned of races, are a corruption of the mystically exalted race of the Elves. Minas Morgul, the Tower of Sorcery, home of the Lord of the Nazgûl, the most corrupted Kings of Men, directly opposes Minas Tirith, the Tower of Guard and the capital of Gondor, the last visible remnant of the ancient kingdom of Men in the Third Age.

The antitheses, though pronounced and prolific, are sometimes seen to be too polarizing, but they have also been argued to be at the heart of the structure of the entire story. Tolkien's technique has been seen to "confer literality on what would in the primary world be called metaphor and then to illustrate [in his secondary world] the process by which the literal becomes metaphoric."[1]

About the author

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892 - 1973)

"You can make the Ring into an allegory of our own time, if you like: an allegory of the inevitable fate that waits for all attempts to defeat evil power by power" J. R. R. Tolkien

J. R. R. Tolkien was professor of Anglo-saxon and English language and literature from 1925-59 at Oxford University. Tolkien is most famous for his books The Hobbit (1937), The Lord of the Rings, which entails the three volumes entitled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King (1954-55), and The Silmarillion (1977), all of which are set in the mythological world of Middle-earth. Tolkien was a devout Catholic who both remembered and experienced times when religious freedom was not completely guaranteed in the United Kingdom. Faith, for Tolkien, as his literary biographer Joseph Pearce reports, “was not an opinion to which one subscribed, but a reality to which one submitted.” In fact, Tolkien’s faith is as central in his Middle-earth books as his concern to preserve freedom. Before becoming the distinguished professor, Tolkien served in the British army during the First World War. Tolkien’s first-hand experiences in World War I instilled in him an immense preoccupation with, if not a generalized anxiety about, the rise of totalitarianism.

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