VI. Choose correct prepositions.

1. It is the main source of / from revenue for the state.

2. Money is raised out of / from the issue of government bonds.

3. The amount of money depends on / from the government’s political philosophy.

4. Parties on / at the right tend to help some sections of society.

5. Right-wing parties are minimally involved in / to the lives of individuals.

6. Swedes have one of the heaviest levels of taxation of / in the world.

VII. Open the brackets putting the verbs in the correct form.

1. Government usually (to make) the rules of taxation to meet local conditions.

2. Taxation (to become) extremely complex for the past few decades.

3. Last year Revenue Department (to raise) big enough amounts of money through National Insurance contributions.

4. A year ago the VAT (to rise) to compensate the direct tax which (to be cut) before.

5. There (to be) some cuts in direct taxes and the tax burden on the individuals (to fall) in the past decade.

6. The UK (to raise) indirect taxes on spending whereas direct taxes on income (to cut) substantially of late.

7. Taxation policy always (to reflect) socially desirable and undesirable priorities in society.

8. Interest on savings (to be) tax-free next year to encourage savings.

9. The government (to impose) high levels of tax on smoking and drinking since last year.

VIII. Translate into Russian paying attention to the word ‘though’.

1. Though there has been some cutting back in the past decade, there is nevertheless broad agreement that the system is valuable.

2. Unearned income does not, in principle, escape tax, though there are exceptions.

3. There may be a tax on the value of any property owned by an individual, though, it is not always the case.

4. Land and property also attract capital gains tax, though an individual’s principal domestic residence is often exempt.

5. Capital gains tax may be charged on any gain, though more likely there will be an annual exemption.

IX. Translate into English using the following words and word combinations.

Tax regime; local conditions; to outline; general principles; complex; to reduce; direct income taxes; to raise; transfer of capital; subject to tax; charity contributions; tax free; to impose high taxes; to discourage; car owner ship; to restrict; high sales taxes; duties on petrol; social programs; common good.

1. Мы можем дать только общие принципы налогообложения, так как это сложная система.

2. Налоговый режим обычно соответствует условиям жизни своей страны.

3. Государство может значительно снизить прямые подоходные налоги на доходы, но поднять косвенные налоги на расходы.

4. Движение капитала подлежит налогообложению, но расходы на благотворительность налогом не облагаются.

5. Государство облагает высоким налогом табак и алкоголь, чтобы сократить их потребление.

6. Налоговые сборы расходуются на выполнение социальных программ для общего блага.

Vocabulary

amount (n) – сумма, количество

be subject – подлежать (налогообложению)

charity (n) – благотворительность

desirable (a) – желательный

disadvantaged (adj) – нуждающиеся в помощи, обездоленный

duty (n) – пошлина

encourage (v) – поощрять, поддерживать

interest (n) – ссудный процент

meet (v) – соответствовать

policy (n) – политика

priorities (n) pl – приоритеты

raise (v) – собирать, добывать

require (v) – требовать(ся)

restrict (v) – ограничивать

rise (rose, risen) (v) – подниматься

savings (n) pl – накопления

scheme (n) – программа, схема

securities (n) – ценные бумаги

security (n) – защищенность

spending (n) – расходование; стоимость закупок

standard of living – уровень жизни

to be involved – вмешиваться

transfer (n) – перевод, перенос