II Cardio-vascular diseases

9. What parts and layers does the heart consist of?

The heart consists of 4 champers: two atria and two ventricles. It has apex and basis. Atria are divided by interatrial septum and ventricles – by interventricular.

The heart has those layers: the endocardium, myocardium and pericardium.

10. Describe the blood circulation and heart work in the human body.

Blood circulation has three circles: the cordial, greater and lesser.

The cordial circle delivers blood to heart muscle and consists of coronary arteries and veins.

The greater circulation begins from left ventricle then going at aorta and arteries of the body to microcirculatory flow, delivering nutrition and oxygen to tissues of human organism. After that blood goes to veins of body which are connected into vena cava inferior and vena cava superior that falls to right atrium.

The lesser (pulmonary) circulation begins in right ventricle, goes to pulmonary trunk, to microcirculatory flow of lungs, bringing waste products and carbonic dioxide from blood to them. Then blood goes in pulmonary veins to left atrium.

The heart pumps blood off to the vessels. Its work is very important for our organism.

11. What cardio-vascular diseases do you know?

There are such cardio-vascular diseases as myocardium infarction, angina pectoris, hyper- and hypotension, ischemia, arrhythmias etc.

12. When does Myocardial Infarction happen? What can be cause of it?

It happens when there coronary occlusion takes place. The caused ne or more arteries supplying the heart muscle with blood becomes narrowed by a blood clot.

13/ What can Hypertension result in?

Hypertension can result in many difference diseases angina pectoris, heart attacks, cerebral acsident.

14/ What are the most characteristic complaints in Myocardial Infarction?

The most characteristic complaint is severe substernal oppression, often described as squeezing, pressing or constricting. Dyspnea is a common accompaniment; the patient complaints that the crushing pressure on his chest prevents him from breathing properly.

Nausea, vomiting, hiccups and abdominal distension sometimes occur. Extreme weakness and fear of impending death occasionally are present. The blood pressure usually falls within a few hours after onset of the attack.

15/ What are the most prominent symptoms of Hypertension?

The prominent symptoms are chronic headaches, dizziness, blurry or double vision, drowsiness, nausea, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, a flushed face, fatigue, a strong need to urinate often (especially during the night).

16/ Is there any difference in clinical picture of Myocardial Infarction and Angina Pectoris? Give your arguments.

Angina Pectoris is tne forerunner of Myocardial Infarction, that's why they have similar clinical syptoms. During Myocardial Infarction patient feels very acute pain in heart that can irradicate in other regions and can paralyse him/her. During Angina Pectoris patient feels pain too, but it isn't so strong usually and characterized by nagging compressive pain.

17/ What measures should one take to prevent the development of Angina Pectoris and other carsio-vascular diseases?

Everyone should keep healthy life-style that is going in for sports, no smoking, no drinking much alcohol, sticking to a diet to prevent the development of Angina Pectoris and other cardio-vascular diseases.

18/ How to arrest the Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Infarction attack?

The Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Infarction attack can be arrested by using different medicines (nitroglycerine, for example). Also everyone should keep healthy life-style that is going in for sports, no smoking, no drinking much alcohol, sticking to a diet to prevent the development of Angina Pectoris and other cardio-vascular diseases.