Infertility

Infertility is the inability to naturally conceive a child or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term. There are many reasons why a couple may not be able to conceive, or may not be able to conceive without medical assistance.

Infertility is one of the severe disorders both for male and female because both of them can hardly experience this state. It is necessary to differentiate absolute infertility when there are deep unreversable changes which make conceiving impossible and relative infertility when the causes giving it rise may be irradicated.

Besides one should distinguish primary and secondary infertility. Primary infertility is a disease when a female has never had pregnancies and secondary one is difficulty of conceiving after already having conceived and carried a normal pregnancy. Apart from various conditions (e.g. hormonal ), this may come as a result of age and stress, impossibility to provide a sibling for their first child.

A couple considers to be infertile if:

• they have not conceived after 12 months or after 6 months if the woman is over 35 years of age.

• there is incapability to carry a pregnancy to term.

General factor relating to female infertility are diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, adrenal disease and common diseases such as significant liver, kidney insufficiency, different female sphere disorders, disturbances of genitourinary tract and various psychological factors.

Factors relating to male infertility include endocrine problems, hypothalamic disorders, genetic deffects, neoplasm, trauma, infectious diseases such as mumps, different psycological factors, indulgence to drugs, alcohol.

In the majority of cases of male infertility no clear cause can be identified with current diagnostic methods.

In some cases, both the man and woman may be infertile or sub-fertile, and the couple's infertility arises from the combination of these conditions. In other cases, the cause is suspected to be immunological or genetic; it may be that each partner is independently fertile but the couple cannot conceive together without assistance.

Prevention

• Some cases of infertility may be avoided by doing the following:

• Avoid drugs and medications known to cause fertility problems.

• Avoid excessive exercise.

• Avoid exposure to environmental hazards such as pesticides.

• Get early treatment for sexually transmitted diseases.

• Have regular physical examinations to detect early signs of infections or abnormalities.

• Keep diseases, such as diabetes and hypothyroidism, under control.

• Avoid smoking.

• Limit caffeine and alcohol intake.

• Practice stress management.

• Use birth control to prevent unwanted pregnancy and abortion.

In many cultures, inability to conceive bears a stigma. In closed social groups, a degree of rejection (or a sense of being rejected by the couple) may cause considerable anxiety and disappointment. To avoid this feeling a couple should apply to a psycologist.

P O S T – T E X T A S S I G N M E N T

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

What is infertility?

What is absolute infertility caused by?

May relative infertility be irradicated?

What is primary infertility?

When is a couple considered to be infertile?

What are factors of female infertility?

What are factors of male infertility?

What are the ways of avoiding infertility?

What are preventable measures of infertility?

What are the causes of infertility?

Exercise 8. Give Еnglish equivalents and make up 5 sentences with them:

невозможность забеременеть естественным путем; глубокие необратимые изменения; устранять причины; быстрый спад фертильности (плодовитости); невозможность выносить беременность; значительные нарушения печени; накопление репродуктивных ошибок; заболевания, передающиеся половым путем; выявлять начальные признаки инфекции; профилактика нежелательной беременности; характерный признак; ограничивать прием.

Exercise 9. Chose the verbs to be used with the nouns:

To conceive, to carry, to receive, to have, to get, to control, to limit, to reveal, to cause, to follow

A child, a medical assistance, treatment, pregnancy, regimen, unreversable changes, disease, physical examination, ( smoking, alcohol) intake, inflammation, initial signs.

Exercise 10. Read the sentences and say whether they are true to the text.

1. Infertility is one of the severe disorders both for male and female.__________

2. Absolute infertility is when there are changes in human body which make conceiving impossible._____________

3. Primary infertility is a disorder when a female has some pregnancies._____________

4. Secondary infertility is a state when a female has already had one pregnancy._____________

5. Many factors influence male infertility. They are chill, fever, severe headaches, different intestinal disturbances.______________

6. In some cases both man and woman may be infertile and the couple’s infertility arises from combinations of this condition._____________

7. Smoking and alcohol intake don’t influence both male and female infertility.______________

Exercise 11. Insert the preposition where necessary:

1. Infertility is inability to carry pregnancy … term.

2. The patient has an indulgence … drugs that’s why he has to be … a constant doctor’s control.

3. No clear cause can be identified … current diagnostic method.

4. The pathogens causing this infections circulate … blood or lymph and are not discharged … the organism.

5. Direct contact and various things belonging … the sick person may be responsible … spreading the infective agent.

6. Continuous haemorrhage causes decrease … red blood cell count.

7. The doctor saw typical signs … intoxication associated … the overdose … this poisonous drug appearing gradually.

Exercise 12. Translate into English:

1. Бесплодие – это невозможность забеременеть естественным путем. 2. Абсолютное бесплодие – это состояние, когда имеются глубокие необратимые изменения в здоровье мужчины или женщины. 3. Относительное бесплодие – это состояние, когда причины, вызвавшие его, могут быть устранены. 4. Основные причины, относящиеся к женскому бесплодию, - это эндокринные проблемы, заболевания щитовидной железы, болезни надпочечников, нарушения мочеполовой системы и другие. 5. В большинстве случаев мужское бесплодие включает такие заболевания как сахарный диабет, генетические повреждения, травму, инфекционные заболевания, такие как паротит, скарлатина, корь и другие.

Exercise 13. Read the text. Tell about:

absolute and relative infertility;

primary and secondary infertility;

prevention of male infertility;

prophylaxis of female infertility.

Exercise 14. Give summary of the text.

TEST 1

1. Infertility is the ... to naturally conceive a child.

a) ability

b) possibility

c) inability

d) impossibility

e) responsibility

2. Absolute infertility is when there are ... which make pregnancy impossible.

a) concomitant diseases

b) deep unreversable changes

c) severe disorders

d) significant liver insufficiency

e) various psychological factors

3. We know antibiotics ... in treating inflammations.

a) to be effective

b) are effective

c) is efficient

d) was effective

e) will be efficient

4. The students watched the professor ... the patient.

a) will examine

b) examines

c) inspects

d) was examining

e) to examine

5. What... absolute infertility... by?

a) is caused

b) cause

c) do cause

d) is causing

e) was causing

6. What... preventable measures of infertility?

a) is

b) do

c) did

d) are

e) does

7. The patient with acute phaiyngitis usually complaints of tension in the …

a) ear

b) nose

c) heart

d) uvula

e) throat

8. The patient ... to fallow home treatment

a) to be allowed

b) allow

c) has been allowed

d) is allowed

e) allows

9. The patient is recommended to gargle his throat... a warm solution of sodium bicarborbonate.

a) about

b) with

c) above

d) over

e) to

10. When the patient... from high fever he needs more liquids than usual.

a) suffers

b) to suffer

c) has been suffered

d) is suffered

e) was suffered

17. T E T A N U S

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Bacillus [bə ' siləs], Tetanus ['tetənəs], Moan [moun], Vague [veig],

Nightmare [nait meə], Delirious [di 'liriəs], Lockjaw [lokdʒ:],Trismus [trizməs], Height [hait], Drawing [dr:iŋ], Clenched [klentt], Protruded [prə 'tru:did], Opisthotonus [ou 'pisqə…], Seizure ['si: ə], Afebrile [ei 'fi:bril],

Ensue [in ' sju:], Lessening [lesəniŋ]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Bacillus (pl. bacilli) бацилла, палочковидная бактерия

Vague неопределённый, нечёткий, неясный

Nightmare кошмарное сновидение

To become delirious становиться безумным, иступленным

Lockjaw тризм челюсти, столбняк

Trismus тризм (тоническое сокращение жевательных мышц)

Height of disease разгар (пик) болезни

To draw up вытягивать

Clenched крепко сжатый, стиснутый, скреплённый

Protruded выступивший вперёд, (lips) выпяченные губы

Opisthotonus опистотонус (тоническое сокращение мышц спины

и шеи с запрокидыванием головы и вытягиванием

конечностей)

Seizure приступ, пароксизм, припадок

Afebrile безлихорадочный

To ensue происходить, получаться в результате, следовать

To lessen уменьшать (ся)

Exercise 3. Read words paying attention to the rules of reading:

1. (c,s,t, before ia, ie, io [  ])

Social, sufficient, remission, initial, patient, Russian, commission, artificial, potential, official, special, profession, facial, essential, permission, insufficient, motion, deficiency.

2. age as a suffix [dʒ ]: village, cartilage, hemorrhage, bandage, language, usage, dosage, damage, lavage, carriage, marriage.

Exercise 4. Form words with the help of negative prefixes. Translate them into Russian:

Dis – like, function, connect, agree, locate, lodge, maturity, section, solvent.

Ir – regular, responsible, relevant, resistible, radiation, reversible, reducible.

Im – possible, practical, mobile, moral, balance, maturity, potency, purity.

Un – necessary, reliable, fortunately, consciousness, dress, infected, mixed.

Mal – formation, nutrition, occlusion, position, treatment, presentation, rotation.

Exercise 5. Read the words with the same root. State the part of speech and translate them in to Russian:

Face – facial, slow – slowly; connect – connection; pelvis – pelvic; compose – composition; rapid – rapidly; base – basic; recover – recovery; remove – removal; survive – survival; tender – tenderness, restless – restlessness; breath – breathing.

Exercise 6. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones. Make up the sentences of your own.

On an average, powerful poison, to be unable to open the mouth, typical facial expression, difficulty in urination, in the majority of cases, to gain entrance into the body, painful spasms, to become affected, to draw up the angles of the mouth, to be tightly clenched, to be slightly protruded, to be accompanied by severe pain, to run a fever as high as, severity.

Exercise 7. Match medical terms with the proper definitions:

1. tetanus 2. tetany 3. toxin 4. urination 5. spasm 6. trismus

1. Spasm of the jaw muscles, keeping the jaw tightly closed. 2. An acute infectious disease, affecting the nervous system, caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. 3. The periodic discharge of urine from the bladder through the urethra. 4. Spasm and twitching of the muscles, particularly those of the face, hands, and feet. 5. A poison produced by a living organism, especially by a bacterium. 6. A sustained involuntary muscular contraction, which may occur either as part of a generalized disorder, such as a spastic paralysis, or as a local response to an otherwise unconnected painful condition.

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the sentences with construction: one (ones), that of (those of).

The condition of patient V. is worse than that of patient C.

The number of the vertebrae in the coccyx is less than the number of those in the beck.

The bones of the lower extremities are longer than those of the upper ones.

This lecture is more interesting than the one I attended last week.

The walls of the left atrium are thicker than those of the right.

Some muscles are more elastic than the other ones.

I will examine your patient and that of Dr. Ivanov.

The wards in the new hospital are better equipped than those in our old one.

Exercise 9. Read and translate the text: