Gastritis

Acute gastritis. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes. Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in food or alcoholic drinks; but contaminated food, “chill" and scarlet fever in its acute stage may also induce very acute gastric catarrh. The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is vomiting and when enteritis is superadded diarrhea also supervenes.

Chronic gastritis. Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means infrequent disease. Accurate diagnosis is essential. It is important to treat this disease in as early a stage as possible, not only for the immediate disabilities which arise but still more for the serious consequences such as carcinoma, which may possibly result from it. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis (especially pyorrhea) and deficient mastication of food (from bad habits or lack of teeth). The cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case which demand treatment are:

1. Vomiting, especially in the morning and associated always with an excessive secretion of mucus into the stomach.

2. Diminution or frequently complete absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice. The prime causes favoring continuation of the disease having been removed, the first essential in treatment is gastric lavage carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals. Treatment by lavage is continued until improvement is manifest when its use can be gradually discontinued. If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of a teaspoonful or more of sodium bicarbonate in a tumblerful of warm water in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.

Hydrochloric acid is so commonly greatly diminished or absent in an untreated case of chronic gastritis that some effort is generally made to remedy the deficiency. It is known that after gastric lavage for some weeks the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently returns in adequate amount.

3. Anorexia is common in chronic patients especially in the morning when there is a great excess of mucus in the stomach. Later in the day the appetite generally improves. Bad dietary habits are common in these patients. The prescribed diet should be arranged so that attractive small meals are provided at frequent intervals.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 10. Answer the following questions.

1. What causes may induce acute gastritis?

2. What may cause acute gastroenteritis?

3. What are the cardinal symptoms of acute gastritis?

4. Is it important to treat acute gastritis in as early a stage as possible? Why?

5. What does the treatment of chronic gastritis consist of?

6. What cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case demand treatment?

7. When does vomiting in chronic gastritis usually occur?

8. What acid is frequently absent in the gastric juice in chronic gastritis?

9. What is the first essential in treatment of chronic gastritis?

10. When does the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently return to adequate amount?

11. When does anorexia occur?

12. What diet should be arranged for the patients with bad dietary habits?

Exercise 11. Complete the following sentences using the text.

Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to…

Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in…

… may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis.

The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is … is superadded diarrhea also supervenes.

… is essential.

Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as …

Vomiting… and associated always with an excessive secretion of mucus into the stomach.

If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration … in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.

Anorexia is common in chronic patients especially in the morning ….

…should be arranged so that attractive small meals are provided at frequent intervals.

Exercise 12. Read the sentences and say whether the following ones are true to the text:

Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes.

The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute cholecystitis.

The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is belching and when enteritis is superadded constipation also supervenes.

Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means frequent disease.

Much of the treatment of chronic gastritis is essentially prophylactic.

The cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case which demand treatment are vomiting, diminution and anorexia.

Vomiting occurs especially in the morning and is always associated with an excessive secretion of blood into the stomach.

Diminution or frequently complete presence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice.

Gastric lavage carried out always after breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, after meals.

Treatment by lavage is continued until improvement is manifest when its use can be gradually discontinued.

Exercise 13. Explain the following diseases in English:

Acute gastritis; peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis; pancreatitis, enteritis; gastroenteritis

Exercise 14. Translate the following word combinations.

Ряд причин, полное отсутствие соляной кислоты, вредные привычки, злоупотребление алкогольными напитками, чрезмерная секреция слизи, выполнять орошение полости, проявлять улучшение, полный стакан тёплой воды, в течение дня, соответствующее количество жидкости, улучшать аппетит, профилактическое лечение, выделение гноя из полости, энтерит, никоим образом.

Exercise 15. Put questions to the underlined members of sentences.

Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes.

The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis.

Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis and deficient mastication of food .

The first essential in treatment is gastric lavage.

Gastric lavage is carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals.

It is known that after gastric lavage for some weeks the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently returns in adequate amount.

Later in the day the appetite generally improves.

If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of a teaspoonful or more of sodium bicarbonate in a tumblerful of warm water in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.

Exercise 16. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate forms of Participles. Translate them into Russian.

The patient (to survive) the operation well, the danger of peritonitis was eliminated.

Cholecystitis is known to occur rarely in isolated condition, inflammatory process both in the intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts, sometimes with the involment of the liver (to aassociate) with it.

The biochemical blood analysis is known to reveal some changes, they (to result) from the effect of toxic substances in the liver.

Recovery is achieved by surgical treatment, it (to follow) by prolonged antibiotic therapy and chemotherapy.

My friend (to suffer) from a severe toothache, I advised him to go to the dentist.

Exercise 17. Translate into English:

Когда была сделана срочная операция по поводу гангренозного аппендицита, у больного были сняты все болезненные симптомы.

Когда обильное желудочное кровотечение было остановлено, была устранена опасность для жизни больного.

Так как нарушения пищеварения присутствовали длительное время, пациенту назначили строгую диету, несодержащую жиры.

Когда врач пальпировал печень, болезненность отмечалась на три пальца ниже реберного края.

Нарушения функций печени и жёлчных протоков часто обнаруживаются после заболеваний желудочно-кишечных заболеваний, причём проявляется чаще всего гастрит.

Так как наружное кровотечение было сильным, больного немедленно отвезли в больницу.

Иногда желчнокаменная болезнь сопровождается осложнениями, причем развитие холецистита является наиболее частыми.

После того, как хирург обнаружил опухоль в надчревной области, была назначена срочная операция.

Так как оставалось еще полчаса до операции, пациента еще раз осмотрел врач.

Если прободная язва двенадцатиперстной кишки сопровождается обильным кровотечением, срочно назначают операцию.

Exercise 18. Speak about:

Acute gastritis.

Chronic gastritis.

Cardinal symptoms of them.

Treatment of Acute gastritis and Chronic gastritis.

TEST

1. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due … a great variety of causes.

a. from

b. to

c. on

d. in

e. off

2. Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in food or alcoholic drinks; but contaminated food, “chill" and scarlet fever in … acute stage may also induce very acute gastric catarrh.

a. its

b. it’s

c. her

d. his

e. your

3. The inflammation may … downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is vomiting and when enteritis is superadded diarrhea also supervenes.

a. spreads

b. spread

c. is spreading

d. to spread

e. to be spread

4. Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means … disease.

a. frequent

b. common

c. general

d. infrequent

e. rare

5. It is important to treat this disease in as early a stage as possible, not only for the immediate disabilities which arise but still more for the serious consequences such as…, which may possibly result from it.

a. oleoma

b.pappiloma

c. myolipoma

d. dentinoma

e. carcinoma

6. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in … of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis (especially pyorrhea) and deficient mastification of food (from bad habits or lack of teeth).

a. the removal

b. the insertion

c. the resection

d. the implantation

e. the grafting

7. The prime causes favoring continuation of the disease… , the first essential in treatment is gastric lavage carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals.

a. have been removed

b. has been removed

c. having been removed

d. to have been removed

e. had been removed

8. Treatment by …is continued until improvement is manifest when its use can be gradually discontinued.

a. lavement

b. lavation

c. irrigation

d. ablution

e. lavage

9. If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of a teaspoonful or more of … in a tumblerful of warm water in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.

odium benzoate

b. sodium chloride

c. sodium fluoride

d. sodium bicarbonate

e. sodium sulfate

10. …is so commonly greatly diminished or absent in an untreated case of chronic gastritis that some effort is generally made to remedy the deficiency.

a. Hydrocyanic acid

b. Hydrochloric acid

c. Hydroiodic acid

d. Hydrosulfuric acid

e. Hydroxyacetic acid

11. G O I T E R

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Thyroid ['θairɔid], iodine ['aiəudi:n], mountainous ['mauntinəs], survey ['sə:vei], cretinism ['kretinizm], impairment [im'pεəmənt], dwarfism ['dwɔ:fizm], fortify ['fɔ:tifai], require [ri'kwaiə]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Goiter - зоб

Lack (of) - недостаток

To require - требовать

Soil - почва

To affect - поражать

Community – группа лиц, живущих в одной местности, общество

Stillbirth – рождение мертвого плода

Miscarriage - выкидыш

Dwarfism - карликовость

Impairment - нарушение

To fortify – укреплять, усиливать

To result in – приводить к

Exercise 3. Give Russian equivalents:

Noncancerous enlargement, the most common cause, mountainous regions, iodine deficiency, mental impairment, brain damage, mental retardation, swollen salivary glands, a runny nose

Exercise 4. Form new words and translate them:

-Y: run, rain, sun, wind, fun, fog

-MENT: enlarge, impair, develop, achieve

Exercise 5. Recall formation of degree of comparison. Give English equivalents to the following words:

Беднее, самый распространенный, самый лучший, меньше, больше, реже, больше (в размере)

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

GOITER

A goiter is a noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland in the front of the neck. Many conditions can cause goiter, but the most common is a lack of sufficient iodine in the diet, which is usually a result of the soil in which food is grown being iodine-poor—a condition that occurs in many mountainous regions away from the sea. Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate the body's metabolism.

About 740 million people have goiters, but the percentage varies greatly by region (eastern Mediterranean: 32%; Africa: 20%: Europe: 15%; Southeast Asia: 12%; western Pacific: 8%; the Americas: 5%). Surveying communities for goiter is one of the best ways of detecting iodine deficiency, which, if not treated, can cause stillbirths, miscarriages, cretinism, mental impairments, deafness, and dwarfism.

Iodine deficiency is the most common preventable cause of brain damage and mental retardation, affecting about 50 million people worldwide. However, these disorders have been tremendously reduced simply by using table salt fortified with iodine.

Adults require at least 20 micrograms of iodine daily, but 150 micrograms is recommended. Seafood is excellent source, while the iodine content of other foods varies depending on animal feed and soil. Iodism (iodine poisoning) is a rare condition that results in weakness, swollen salivary glands, a metallic taste in the mouth, and a runny nose.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

What is goiter?

What is required for the production of thyroid hormones?

What is the most common cause of goiter?

Where is the highest percentage of goiter?

What can goiter cause?

How much iodine do adults require daily?

What is the excellent source of iodine?

Exercise 8. Continue the sentences:

The most common cause of goiter is … .

Thyroid hormones … .

Surveying communities for goiter is … .

If not treated goiter can cause … .

Iodine deficiency affects … .

Seafood is … .

Exercise 9. Translate into English:

Морские продукты – лучший источник йода.

Самый высокий процент зоба в районе восточного Средиземноморья.

Йод необходим для выработки гормонов щитовидной железой.

Самой распространенной причиной зоба является недостаток йода в питании.

Взрослому необходимо, по крайней мере, 20 микрограмм йода ежедневно.

Зоб – это раковое увеличение щитовидной железы впереди шеи.

Самый лучший способ выявления недостатка йода – это осмотр населения.

Exercise 10. Give English equivalents of the following word combinations:

Умственная отсталость, повреждение мозга, горные районы, плохая почва, увеличение щитовидной железы, столовая соль, отравление йодом, редкое состояние, металлический вкус во рту, опухшие слюнные железы.

Exercise 11. Find 7 words formed by conversion:

E.g. play– to play

Exercise 12. Open the brackets and use verbs in the correct tense and voice:

The number of goiter cases ( to vary) greatly by region.

Iodine ( to require) for the production of thyroid substances.

Thyroid hormones (to regulate) the body”s metabolism.

Iodine deficiency ( to affect) about 50 milloion people worldwide.

Iodine deficiency (can, to cause) mental impairments, miscarriages, cretinism, etc.

The table salt (to fortify) with iodine.

A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet (to result from) the iodine-poor soil in which food is grown.

Exercise 13. make up questions to the underlined words:

Adults require 20 micrograms of iodine daily.

Iodism is a rare condition.

Iodism results in weakness, swollen salivary glands and a runny nose.

Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones.

Many conditions can cause goiter.

About 740 million people have goiter.

A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet occurs in many mountaneous regions.

Exercise 14. Explain the following terms in English:

hormone

thyroid

deafness

miscarriage

Exercise 15. DISEASES. Choose the correct answer

1. She died after a long … .

a) disease b) failing c)illness d) sickness......

2. The doctor had three ... of nose-bleeding in the same day.

a) aspects b) cases c) examples d) illnesses

3. He still suffers from a rare tropical disease which he ... while in the Congo, a) contracted b) gained c) infected d) received

4. My grandmother is very old and is not ...very good health.

a.) from b)in c)on d)with

5 .The teachers at the school went ... with flu one after another.

a) down b) off c) out d) under

6.Malaria is ... by the female mosquito.

a) broadcast b) sent c) transmitted d) transported

7 .Mary is in bed with a ... attack of flu.

a) hard b) heavy c) large d) severe

8.My brother was ...ill yesterday and is now in hospital.

a) broken b) caught c) fallen d) taken

9.The school is half empty as a serious epidemic of measles has broken ... .

a) down b)in c)out d)up

10.Several ...of malaria have been reported.

a) cases b) doses c) occurrences d) types

11. To our ...Mary's illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.

a) anxiety b)eyes c) judgement d) relief

12. He ... a rare disease when he was working in the hospital.

a) caught b) infected c) suffered d)took

13 .My headaches are usually brought ...by worry.

a) in b)on c) up d) out

14.The doctor examined him carefully and ... influenza.

a) concluded b) decided c) diagnosed d) realised

15.Some diseases ...quickly from one person to another.

a) catch b)getabout c)move d) spread

16. Tropical diseases are comparatively ... in Poland

a) few b)rare c) scarce d) slight

TEST

1. A goiter is … of the thyroid gland.

a) mental impairment

b) inflammation

c) noncancerous enlargement

d) calcium deficiency

e) diminution

2. Iodism is a … condition.

a) frequent

b) rare

c) periodic

d) chronic

e) acute

3. The most common cause of goiter is …

a) overweight

b) lack of iron

c) lack of calcium

d) underweight

e) lack of iodine

4. Iodine is required for the production of …

a) erythrocytes

b) leucocytes

c) thyroid hormones

d) thrombocytes

e) proteins

5. Brain disorders have been tremendously reduced by noing … fortified with iodine.

a) iron

b) calcium

c) vitamin D

d) meat

e) table salt

6. Adults require at least … micrograms of iodine daily.

a) 5

b) 10

c) 15

d) 20

e) 30

7. Iodine deficiency affects mainly …

a) physical condition

b) mental sphere

c) movement

d) running

e) diet habits

8. … is excellent source of iodine.

a) wet soil

b) vegetables

c) fruit

d) seafood

e) vitamins

9. A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet is a result of …

a) wet soil

b) dry soil

c) uncultivated soil

d) iodine-poor soil

e) soil rich in fertilizers

10. Thyroid hormones regulate …

a) respiratory functions

b) body’s metabolism

c) reproduction

d) excretory function

e) mental activities

12. O B E S I T Y

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

burden[bə:dn], quite [kwait], necessity [nə 'sesiti], succumb [sə 'km],

premature ['premətə], furthermore ['fə:ðəm:], obese [ə 'bi:s], obesity [ə 'bi:siti], exceed [ik 'si:d], curtailed [k: 'teiəld], overindulgence [əvərin 'dldʒən(t)s], hazard ['hæzəd], injurious [in 'dʒuəriəs], secured [si 'kjuəd],

maintaining [mein 'teiniŋ], balance ['bælən(t)s], consumption [kən 'smpən],

advance [əd 'va:n(t)s], whereas [weər 'æz], emphasized ['em(p)fəsaizd],

realize [' riəlaiz]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Burden ноша, тяжесть, груз, бремя

Necessity необходимость, неизбежность

Unnecessary ненужный, излишний

Due обусловленный, должный, надлежащий

Due to Вследствие, благодаря, из-за, в связи

To be due to обуславливаться

To succumb умереть

Premature преждевременный

Furthermore к тому же, кроме того

Obese тучный, страдающий ожирением

To exceed превышать, превосходить

To curtail сокращать, укорачивать, лишать

Overindulgence злоупотребление, чрезмерное увлечение

Hazard шанс, риск, опасность

Injurious вредный, несправедливый

To secure обеспечивать, добиваться, достигать

To maintain поддерживать, удерживать, сохранять

Consumption потребление, расход

Intake потребление

To tend иметь склонность

Output выход, выработка, объём, отдача

Diminution уменьшение, сокращение

To convince убеждать, уверять, доводить до сознания

To advance продвигаться вперёд

Whereas тогда как, несмотря на

To emphasize придавать особое значение

To realize ясно понимать, представлять себе

Exercise 3. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones:

Heavy burden, shortening of the life span, premature death from, average or below average, obese individuals, retention of normal weight, preventive medicine, the energy requirement of the body, a daily caloric intake, a positive energy balance, dietary habits, excessive amounts of starchy food, compensative diminution, risk in overindulgence, normal gain of weight, consumption of food, to burn the excessive fat, to be due to the efforts.

Exercise 4. Choose the proper definitions for the terms:

1. fat 2. food 3. habit 4. retention 5. overweight 6. obesity

1. Substance taken in to maintain life and growth. 2. A substance that contains one or more fatty acids and is the principal form in which energy is stored by the body. 3. The condition in which excess fat has accumulated in the body, mostly in the subcutaneous tissue. 4. Inability to pass urine, which is retained in the bladder. 5. Above the weight allowed or desirable. 6. A sequence of learned behavior occurring in a particular context or as a response to particular events.

Exercise 5. Find the stem in the following words. Point out prefixes and suffices.

Physically, hopefully, necessity, extremity, shortening, blindness, sleeplessness, unnecessary, unfortunately, discomfort, in-patient, overweight, unalterable, treatment, punishment, decreased, inferiority, fatty, instigation, overindulgence, injurious, unknown, disinfection, irreversible, possibly.

Exercise 6. Form words with the help of negative prefixes. Translate into English.

Dis- like, function, connect, agree

Un- fortune, necessary, forgettable, reliable

In- different, human, visible, dissolution, effective

Im- possible, practical, mobile, moral

Ir- regular, responsible, relevant, resistible

Mis- understand, translate, place, pronounce, carriage

Mal- nutrition, formation, position, treatment

Exercise 7. Read the following words according to the rules of reading:

[n] - station, resolution, institution, dissolution, introduction, session, discussion;

[tә] - nature, picture, future, lecture, creature, rupture, puncture, fracture, mixture;

[әs] - dangerous, viscous, numerous, obvious, nervous, infectious, previous, serious.

Exercise 8. Revise grammar material. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the sentences with Complex Subject.

The patient is supposed to have been discharged from the hospital.

He is thought to suffer from pneumonia.

Leucocytosis is known to develop in inflammation.

They seem to study Biochemistry.

He appears to suffer from tuberculosis.

The pain proved to be sharp on physical exertion.

The doctor is likely to discharge this patient next week.

Acute appendix is sure to be removed immediately to prevent its rupture which may result in peritonitis.

Exercise 9. Read and translate the text:

OBESITY

Overweight, particularly in individuals past middle life, is a burden which many persons carry about quite without necessity. In many instances, this heavy burden will result in a definite shortening of the normal life span; they are more likely to succumb to premature death from coronary thrombosis, from diabetes, or from infections, such as pneumonia or cholecystitis, as well as many other diseases, than persons in the same age group whose weight is average or below average. Furthermore, the obese individual suffers from unnecessary fatigue, from heat intolerance, and from arthritis, as well as from other serious discomforts, much more commonly than do persons of normal weight. Thus, the prevention of obesity and the retention of normal weight is a matter of importance in the field of preventive medicine.

The important factor in production of overweight is a daily caloric intake which exceeds the energy requirement of the body — in brief; the fat person eats too much rich food.

A positive energy balance may be due to a variety of causes: one of the important factors is dietary habits. Some people tend to eat excessive amounts of starchy or fatty foods. The overweight of persons past middle life is almost always the result of the decreased energy output of the individual, as the years advance, with no compensative diminution in diet intake. People over 50 eat as much as they did at 20, although their activities are greatly curtailed. Probably the most common cause of overweight is the fact that individuals overeat because they enjoy food, and do not realize that there is any risk in overindulgence.

Prevention of overweight centers is teaching each individual that overweight, particularly with increasing age, is an unnecessary hazard to a normal life. The person must be convinced that the "normal" gain of weight with increasing age is injurious, in a direct ratio to the degree of increase of weight to increasing age.

The other essential educational feature that must be emphasized is that weight reduction can best be secured by maintaining a slow and gradually progressive negative energy balance. In other words, the daily consumption of food should be slightly less than the energy demands of the body. Thus, the body will burn the excess fat in place of food.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 10. Answer the following questions.

At what age may overweight frequently occur?

What diseases do obesity usually result in?

What serious conditions does an obese individual suffer from?

What is a matter of importance in the field of preventive medicine?

Why is a daily caloric intake important factor in production of overweight?

What causes may a positive energy balance be due to?

What is the most common cause of overweight?

Why do the persons over 50 more frequently suffer from this heavy burden?

What do the prevention of overweigh centers teach obese individuals?

By what can weight reduction best be secured?

Exercise 11. Join the parts of the sentence in the column A with the correct ones in the column B.

1. Overweight will result in … 2. The obese individuals are more likely to succumb to premature death from … 3. Furthermore, they suffer from … 4. The prevention of obesity and the retention of normal weight is … 5. A daily caloric intake exceeds the … 6. A positive energy balance may be due to … 7. The overweight of persons past middle life is almost always the result of … 8. The person must be convinced that… 9. The daily consumption of food should be … 10. The body will …

1. …the "normal" gain of weight with increasing age is injurious. 2. …the energy requirement of the body. 3. …unnecessary fatigue, heat intolerance, and arthritis, as well as other serious discomforts. 4. …a matter of importance in the field of preventive medicine. 5. …burn the excess fat in place of food. 6. …slightly less than the energy demands of the body. 7. …a definite shortening of the normal life span. 8. …coronary thrombosis, diabetes, or infections, such as pneumonia or cholecystitis, as well as many other diseases. 9…. dietary habits. 10. …the decreased energy output of the individual.

Exercise 12. Put questions to the underlined members of sentences.

In many instances, overweight will result in a definite shortening of the normal life span.

The obese individual suffers from unnecessary fatigue, from heat intolerance, and from arthritis, as well as from other serious discomforts.

The prevention of obesity and the retention of normal weight is a matter of importance in the field of preventive medicine.

The important factor in production of overweight is a daily caloric intake which exceeds the energy requirement of the body.

A positive energy balance may be due to a variety of causes.

The overweight of persons past middle life is almost always the result of the decreased energy output of the individual.

Probably the most common cause of overweight is the fact that individuals overeat because they enjoy food, and do not realize that there is any risk in overindulgence.

The body will burn the excess fat in place of food.

Exercise 13. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense. Translate them into Russian.

Overweight, particularly in individuals past middle life, is a burden which a person (to carry) about quite without necessity.

Positive energy balances (to be due to) a variety of causes.

Obese individuals are more likely (to succumb) to premature death from coronary thrombosis, from diabetes, or from infections, such as pneumonia or cholecystitis.

The obese individuals (to suffer) from unnecessary fatigue, from heat intolerance, and from arthritis.

It’s known that a daily caloric intake (to exceed) the energy requirement of the body.

They knew, that some people (to tend) to eat excessive amounts of starchy or fatty foods.

People over 50 eat as much as they did at 20, although their activity (to be greatly curtailed).

Preventions of overweight centers (to teach) each individual that overweight, particularly with increasing age, is an unnecessary hazard to a normal life.

Exercise 14. Match Russian word combinations in column A with English ones in the column B.

A. B.

избыточная масса тела caloric food

тяжелое бремя excessive amount

продолжительность жизни premature death

преждевременная смерть overweight

непереносимость тепла heavy burden

профилактика ожирения dietary habits

калорийная пища life span

пищевые привычки prevention of obesity

чрезмерное количество heat intolerance

Exercise 15. Translate into English:

Известно, что тучность встречается у людей после 40 лет.

Вероятно, что ожирение сможет повлиять, в большой степени, на сокращение продолжительности жизни.

Оказалось, что причиной скоропостижной смерти этого тучного пациента был коронарный тромбоз.

Вряд ли, человек с нормальным весом будет страдать от ожирения.

Утверждают, что поддержание нормального веса и профилактика ожирения являются главной задачей превентивной медицины.

Несомненно, что у человека, который потребляет большое количество жирной пищи, нарушится энергетический баланс.

Считают, что люди переедают, потому что они наслаждаются пищей, при этом, они не осознают, что это может привести к злоупотреблению.

Вероятно, что этому тучному пациенту назначат низкокалорийную диету, которая не будет содержать большого количества жира и крахмала.

Вряд ли, организм сможет сжечь такое большое количество жира самостоятельно.

Известно, для того, чтобы диета была сбалансированной людям, склонным к ожирению, не рекомендуют употреблять высококалорийную пищу ежедневно.

Exercise 16. Explain the following diseases in English:

Coronary thrombosis; diabetes; pneumonia; cholecystitis; obesity.

Exercise 17. Be ready to speak on the following items:

The main causes of obesity.

The cardinal symptoms of obesity.

Preventive measures of obesity.

TEST

1. Overweight, particularly …individuals past middle life, is a burden which many persons carry about quite without necessity.

a. at

b. on

c. from

d. by

e. in

2. In many instances, this heavy burden will result in a definite shortening of the normal life span; they … to premature death from coronary thrombosis, from diabetes, or from infections, such as pneumonia or cholecystitis, as well as many other diseases, than persons in the same age group whose weight is average or below average.

a. are more likely to succumb

b. are more likely to be succumb

c. are more likely to be being succumb

d. is more likely to succumb

e. am more likely to succumb

3. …, the obese individual suffers from unnecessary fatigue, from heat intolerance, and from arthritis, as well as from other serious discomforts, much more commonly than do persons of normal weight.

a. Further

b. Furthermost

c. Furtherance

d. Furthermore

e. Furthest

4. Thus, the prevention of obesity and the retention of normal weight is a matter of importance in the field of… .

a. prenatal medicine

b. preventive medicine

c. physical medicine

d. postclinical medicine

e. preserving medicine

5. The important factor in production of overweight is a daily caloric intake which exceeds the energy requirement of the body — in brief; the fat person eats … rich food.

a. too many

b. too little

c. too small

d. too big

e. too much

6. A positive energy balance … a variety of causes: one of the important factors is dietary habits.

a. might be due to

b. may be due to

c. may due to

d. may to be due to

e. may be due

7. People … eat as much as they did at 20, although their activities are greatly curtailed. Probably the most common cause of overweight is the fact that individuals overeat because they enjoy food, and do not realize that there is any risk in overindulgence.

a. over 20

b. over 30

c. over 40

d. over 50

e. over 60

8. Prevention of overweight centers … each individual that overweight, particularly with increasing age, is an unnecessary hazard to a normal life.

a. teaching

b. is teaching

c. be teaching

d. to be teaching

e. is being teaching

9. The person must be convinced that the … with increasing age is injurious, in a direct ratio to the degree of increase of weight to increasing age.

a. "increased" gain of weight

b. "permanent" gain of weight

c. "normal" gain of weight

d. "gradual" gain of weight

e. "decreased" gain of weight

10. The other essential educational feature that must be emphasized is that weight reduction … by maintaining a slow and gradually progressive negative energy balance.

a. can best be secured

b. could best be secured

c. can best is secured

d. can worst be secured

e. can best to be secured

13. A C U T E N E P H R I T I S

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Appendiceal [əpən'disiəl], media ['mediə], glomeruli [glə'merulai], nitrogen ['naitrədʒən], hematuria [hi:mə'tujəriə], albuminuria [ælbju:mi'njuəriə], albuminuric [ælbju:mi'njuərik], oliguria [ɔli'guriə], edema [i'di:mə], feature ['fi:t∫ə], Hg [hai'fra:rdʒirəm], lesion ['liʒ(ə)n]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

To precede – предшествовать

Predisposing – предрасполагающий

Glomerulae tufts –громерулярные пучки

Lesion – поражение

Predominant – преобладающий

To line – выстилать

To involve – вовлекать

Retention – задержка

Outflow – истечение

Scanty – скудный

Oliguria – отсутствие выделения мочи

Eye fundus – глазное дно

Cast – цилиндр (урол)

To be responsible for – быть ответственным за

To look for – искать

To overlook – просмотреть, не заметить

Exercise 3. Find Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:

Suppurative lymph nodes, predominant role, chief changes, acute infection, renal inflammation, clinical features, scanty outflow of urine, unfavourable prognosis, grave sign, extensive involvement of the kidney, mild edema, rare cases, pus cells.

Exercise 4. Match medical terms with the proper definitions

1) kidney 1) any disorder of metabolism causing excessive thirst

and the production of large volumes of urine;

2) nephritis 2) a substance derived from creatine and creatine

phosphate in muscles;

3) urine 3) either of a pair of tubes, 25—30 cm long, that conduct

urine from the pelvis of kidneys to the bladder;

4) stone calculus 4) the branch of medicine concerned with the study,

investigation and management of diseases of the

kidney;

5) diabetes 5) the fluid excreted by the kidneys- which contains many

of the body's waste products;

6) ureter 6) a hard pebble-like mass formed within the body,

particularly in the gallbladder or anywhere in the

urinary tract;

7) creatininc 7) either of the pair of organs responsible for the

excretion of nitrogenous wastes, principally urea, from

the blood;

8) nephrology 8) Bright's diseases — inflammation of the kidney

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text: