Acute nephritis

Etiology. Acute infections practically always precede the onset of acute nephritis. Diphtheria, measles, chicken-pox, suppurative lymph glands, chills, appendiceal abscess, or almost any infection in the body may be responsible for nephritis, but tonsillitis, septic sore throat, and otitis media are the main predisposing diseases.

Pathology. Acute glomerular nephritis is not merely a disease of the kidney, but may involve various systems of the body as well as the glomerulae tufts. The term "acute glomerular nephritis" is used, because the capillaries of the glomeruli are practically always the site of the initial lesion. The chief changes occurring in acute glomerular nephritis are swelling and disintegration of the endothelial cells which line the capillaries of the tufts. The process is a diffuse one involving all glomeruli in the tufts.

Symptoms. Following an acute infection, for example, an upper respiratory infection, the patient may develop the clinical picture of acute nephritis within a period of from two to eight days. The classical textbook picture of hematuria, hypertension, edema, and nitrogen retention is not always present; in fact, it seldom is. Only the rare cases present the typical well-known clinical features. More often the patient has only evidences of renal inflammation as shown by the urine examination. Albuminuria, red blood cells, pus cells, and casts in the urine are frequently the only signs, and are often overlooked if symptoms are absent. Edema, hypertension, and nitrogen retention may be present or absent. Disturbances of urination characterized by a scanty outflow of urine or even complete anuria may be present.

Hypertension is the most characteristic symptom. If hypertension makes its appearance and the blood pressure keeps rising little by little after the renal disease is in progress, this is a sign of unfavourable prognosis. Sometimes the blood pressure rises rapidly to 200/ 120 mm Hg. The eye fundus in these cases often shows evidences of the so-called albuminuric retinitis. This is a grave sign, though some of these patients do recover.

Edema is not an important syndrome unless it makes its first appearance after the disease is in progress for a week or two. Sometimes the edema is very mild and hardly recognized by the examining physician.

The rise in the nonprotein nitrogen is a sign of renal insufficiency. Frequently the rise is rapid in the early stages of acute anuria.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Answer the quesions:

What always precedes the onset of acute nephritis?

What are the main predisposing diseases?

Why is the term acute glomerular nephritis used?

Where is the site of the initial lesion?

What is the clinical picture of acute nephritis?

How are ecidences of renal inflammation shown?

What are disturbances of urination characterized by?

What is sign of unfavourable prognosis?

Exercise 7. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:

Лимфатические узлы, любая инфекция, различные системы организма, место первоначального поражения, угрожающий жизни симптом, обширное вовлечение, незначительный отек, диффузный процесс, неблагоприятный прогноз.

Exercise 8. Find antonyms to the following words in the text:

Severe, chronic, rare, lower, partial, favourable, last, slow, late, unknown

cise 9. Translate the sentences:

Клиническая картина острого нефрита развивается в течение 2-8 дней.

Типичные клинические признаки острого нефрита редки.

Анализ мочи показывает эритроциты, гной и цилиндры.

Гипертония является самым характерным симптомом.

Иногда давление поднимается до 200/120 мм рт.ст.

Основные изменения происходят в эндотелиальных клетках, они разбухают и распадаются.

Exercise 10. Make the sentences negative:

Acute glomerular nephritis is a very serious disease.

The patient has evidences of renal inflammation in urine examination.

The onset of edema indicates an extensive involvement of the kidney.

Disturbances of urination are characterized by a scanty outflow of urine.

Any infection in the body may be responsible for nephritis.

The patient may develop the clinical picture of acute nephritis within a period of 2-8 days.

Exercise 11. Tell what do you mean by the terms:

retinitis

anuria

abscess

hematuria

Exercise 12. HEALTH. The following problems and pieces of advice have got all mixed up. Can you match them correctly?

1. I keep getting headaches. a. Good, you needn't come back for a month.

2. I can't get into my clothes. b. You really must stop smoking.

3. I can't sleep at night. c. Perhaps you should have an eye test.

4. My eyes are often sore and I d. You ought to do more exercise— it's very

sneeze a lot. relaxing.

5. I'm going to Nepal on business. e. You'll have to have a few injections.

6. I've got a bad stomach. f. You shouldn't eat so much fried food.

7. I feel much better now, doctor. g. You really must lose some weight.

8. I've got a terrible cough. h. You should have some allergy tests.

TEST

1. Acute inflections always precede the … of acute nephritis.

a) end

b) course

c) onset

d) development

e) cessation

2. … plays the predominant pole in the cause of acute glomerular nephritis.

a) pneumococci

b) staphylococci

c) H pylori

d) streptococci

e) coma-shaped bacteria

3. The patient may develop the clinical picture of acute nephritis within a period of …

a) 1-2 hours

b) a day

c) 1-2 days

d) 2-8 days

e) a week

4. More often the patient has only evidences of renal inflammation as shown by the …

a) blood analyses

b) sputum examination

c) urine examination

d) hemoglobin tests

e) bilirubin tests

5. … is the most characteristic symptom of acute nephritis.

a) hematuria

b) oliguria

c) anemia

d) albuminuria

e) hypertension

6. … is not an important syndrome in acute nephritis.

a) inflammation

b) edema

c) dysuria

d) albuminuria

e) dyspnea

7. The eye fundus shows evidences of … in elevation of blood pressure in acute nephritis.

a) conjunctivitis

b) hemorrhage

c) albuminuric retinitis

d) blood spots

e) edema

8. The chief changes occurring … acute glomerular nephritis are swelling and disintegration of the endothelial cells.

a) with

b) at

c) in

d) on

e) by

9. Disturbances of urination is characterized … a scanty outflow of urine.

a) with

b) in

c) at

d) on

e) by

10. Sometimes the blood pressure rises rapidly … 200 / 120 mm Hg.

a) at

b) to

c) toward

d) by

e) with

14. N E P H R O L I T H I A S I S

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Nephrolithiasis [nefrəliθi'eisis], calculi ['kælkjulai], pyelonephritis [paiələuni'fraitis], gravel ['græv(ə)l], rough [rΛf], hydronephrosis [haidrəni'frəusis], ureter [juə'ri:tə], excruciating [iks'kru:∫ieitiŋ], stasis ['stæsis], anuria [ə'njuəriə], uremia [juə'ri:miə], ensue [in'sju:]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Calculus (calculi) – камень (камни)

Gravel – гравий, галька

Stag-horn - разветвленный

Rough – грубый, неровный

Persistent - длительный

Flank – бок, сторона

Groin - пах

Soreness - чувствительность

Intermittent - периодический

To ensue – следовать

Excruciating - мучительный

Exercise 3. The following list gives you the suffixes from which most common conditions and operations are derived.

Suffixes:

— itis...........inflammation of — ostomy.........the formation of a

— osis..........a condition of new opening

— otomy….an opening into — plasty......... a reformation of

— ectomy…excision of — gram.......... an X-ray picture of

— oma.........a tumor of

Make up as many terms as possible and explain their meaning as in the example:

Tracheotomy – a surgical incision into the trachea

Exercise 4. Choose the correct definitions to the following terms:

1) calculus 1) obstruction and infection of the kidney resulting in pus

formation;

2) obstruction 2) denoting stoppage of a flow of liquid, stagnation;

3) renal (adj.) 3) a term indicating the blockage of a body vessel. It may

by caused by foreign objects by naturally formed«stones»

(gallstones);

4) pyonephritis 4) relating to or affecting the kidney;

5) stasis 5) a stone a hard pebble-like mass formed within the body,

particularly in the gall bladder or in the urinary tract.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text: