XII. Соедините части предложений а и в.

А

1. Resources and labour are necessary

2. It is necessary to know marketing

3. It is not enough to study economic theory

4. Like other sciences, economics uses models

5. To buy goods and services it is necessary for a consumer

6. It is not always possible to predict

7. To have enough money for his

8. Development of trade

В

a. is essential for economic growth of a country.

b. the results of every phenomenon, с to produce goods.

d. to sell goods and services well.

e. to have enough money.

f. to be a good economist.

g. family he works a lot.

h. to analyze real life situations.

XIII. Употребив глаголы в нужной форме, сделайте еле дующие предложения утвердительными или отрицательны ми в зависимости от смысла.

1. People (to get) resources from the earth.

2. Consumers (to buy) goods from manufacturers.

3. We (to study) economics.

4. The economist (to study) consumers' behaviour in the service markets.

5. The plant (to process) agricultural products, it (t( manufacture) machines.

6. Industry and agriculture (to use) fuel. 7.1 (to study) medicine.

8. Teachers (to study) labour markets.

9. It (to be) possible to predict prices for essential goods.

UNIT3

ГРАММАТИКА

1. Прошедшее простое время (Past Simple Tense)

2. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice) в настоящем про­стом и прошедшем простом временах

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

1. unit ['ju:nit] n единица; блок

1. either ... or ... ['auter b:(r)] con cj или ... или; либо... либо...

2. distribution [,distn'bju:Jbn] n распределение

to distribute [dis'tnbju:t] v распределять, распростра­нять

4. income ['inkam] n доход(ы), прибыль, поступления

4. to consider [kan'sicb] v рассматривать, полагать, счи­тать

4. both... and ... ['bsuG.and] corrcj и...и; как...так и

5. supplier [sa'plaia] n поставщик

to supply (smb with smth) [sg'plai] v поставлять (кому-л. что-л.)

8. force [fo:s] n сила

8. employment [im'pbimsnt] n работа (по найму); заня­тость (рабочей силы)

to employ [im'pbi] v предоставлять работу, нанимать ant unemployment [дшт'рЬттзШ] п безработица 10. to require [n'kwaia] v (smth) нуждаться (в чём-л.); тре­бовать (чего-л.)

11. achievement [a'tjrvmant] л достижение

to achieve [s'tftv] v достигать, успешно выполнять

12. proper ['ргорэ] ^'правильный, надлежащий

13. government ['gAvsnmant] n правительство

14. living standard ['livin 'stsndsd] жизненный уровень

ГЛАГОЛ ТО BE В ПРОШЕДШЕМ ПРОСТОМ ВРЕМЕНИ

(Past Simple Tense)

was — был, -а, -о were — были

УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

I/ Не/ She/ It

We You They

was

were

at the University yesterday, a student/ students last year.

ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

I

He

She

It

was not (wasn't) ['wDznt]

at the University yesterday.

ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ

Was	I he/she/it	at the University yesterday? a student/students last year?
Were	we you they

КРАТКИЕ ОТВЕТЫ:

Yes, she was. No, he wasn't. Yes, we were. No, they weren't.

СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ

Where	was	I he/she/it	yesterday?
	were	we you they	last year?

I. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме прошед­шего простого времени.

1. She (not/to be) at work last week. Her children (to be) ill.

2. The economist (not/to be) in his Moscow office yesterday.

3. The economist's prediction (to be) correct.

4. We (not/ to be) University students last year.

5. It (to be) difficult for me to learn English at school.

6. The data (not/ to be) correct enough.

7. The prices for the services (not/ to be) high at that time.

8. There (not/ to be) many plants in the area.

9. The prices for agricultural products (to be) low.

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
В НАСТОЯЩЕМ ПРОСТОМ
И ПРОШЕДШЕМ ПРОСТОМ ВРЕМЕНАХ i ' ■
AM/ IS/ ARE 1 + WAS/WERE J	ГЛАГОЛ + ed (или третья форма неправильных глаголов Причастие II, Past Participle)
Запомните	формы неправильных глаголов!
Первая форма (Инфинитив и перевод глагола)	Вторая форма (Прошедшее время)		Третья форма (Причастие II, или
			причастие прошедшего
			времени)
	Все три формы глаголов разные
be fbi:] быть	was [wnzj/were [w3:]		been [bi:n]
can [кжп] могу	could [kud]		_
do [du:] делать	did [did]		done [dAn]
go [дэи] идти, ходить, ездить	went [went] Все три формы глагола		gone [gDn]
	различаются, но есть сходство в правописании
begin [bi'gm] начинать(ся)	began [bi'gaen]		begun [Ы'длп]
choose [tjlr.z] выбирать	chose [t/эте]		chosen ['tjauzn]
fall [fo:l] падать	fell [fel]		fallen [То:1эп]
give [giv] давать grow [дгэи] расти, выращивать	gave [geiv] grew [gru:]		given ['givn] grown [дгэип]
know [пэи] знать	knew [nju:]		known [пэип]
rise [raiz] повышать	rose [гэш]		risen [Vizn]
see [si:] видеть speak [spi:k] говорить take [teik] брать write frait] писать	saw [so:] spoke [spsuk] took [tuk] wrote [reut] Первая и третья		seen [si:n] spoken ['spsukn] taken ['teikn] written ['ntn]
	формы одинаковые
ecome [Ы'клт] стать эте [клт]	became [bi'keim] came [keim]		become [Ьг'клт] come [клт]
Г)
		Вторая и третья формы одинаковые
bring [brirj] приносить		brought [bro:t]		brought [brat]
buy [bai] покупать		bought [bo:t]		bought [bo:t]
teach [ti:tj] обучать		taught [to:t]		taught [to:t]
think [Sink] думать		thought [9o:t]		thought [9o:t]
find [faind] находить		found [faund]		found [faund]
get [get] получать		got [gDt]		got [gm]
have [haev] иметь		had [hsed]		had [hsed]
hold [hsuld] держать		held [held]		held [held]
lend [lend] давать		lent [lent]		lent [lent]
взаймы
lose [lu:z] терять		lost [Inst]		lost [lost]
make [meik] делать		made [meid]		made [meid]
mean [mi:n] значить		meant [ment]		meant [ment]
say [sei] сказать		said [sed]		said [sed]
sell [sel] продавать		sold [sauld]		sold [ssuld]
spend [spend] тратить		spent [spent] Все три формы одинаковые		spent [spent]
cost [kDst] стоить		cost [kDSt]		cost [krjst]
let [let] позволять		let [let]		let [let]
put [put] класть		put [put]		put [put]
read* [ri:d] читать		read [red]		read [red]

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ В НАСТОЯЩЕМ ПРОСТОМ ВРЕМЕНИ
AM/ IS/ ARE + ГЛАГОЛ + ed (или третья форма неправильных глаголов -Причастие II).
УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
I	am	asked to help them, given recommendations.
Не/ She/ It	is
We/You/They	are

	ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
	I		am not	asked to help them, given recommendations.
	Не/ She/ It		is not (isn't)
	We/You/They		are not (aren't)
	ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ
	Am		I	asked to help them? given recommendations?
	Is		he/ she/ it
	Are		we/ you/they
	КРАТКИЕ ОТВЕТЫ: Yes, you are. No, they aren't. Yes, she is. No, he isn't. СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ
		am	I
	Why	is	he/ she/ it	asked to help them?
		are	we/ you/they
	We are given recommendations by professor Slate. (указание на того, кто производит действие) Нам дает рекомендации профессор Слейт.

II. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме страда­тельного залога настоящего простого времени.

1. The goods (to sell) at a high price.

2. English (to teach) at schools and universities.

3. The method (to use) in processing milk.

4. Goods for consumers (to provide) by industry and agriculture.

5. Workers (to employ) by firms.

6. Medicine (not/ to study) by school students but economics (to study) at school.

7.1 (to ask) to help my grandmother work in the garden. 8. We (not/ to teach) music at the University.

ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ

Was	I he/ she/ it	asked to help them?
Were	we you they	seen at the University yesterday?

КРАТКИЕ ОТВЕТЫ:

Yes, I was. No, she wasn't. Yes, you were. No, we weren't.

СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ

When	was	I he/ she/ it	asked to help them?
	were	we/ you/ they	seen at the University?

III. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме страда­тельного залога прошедшего простого времени.

1. When this book (to write)?

2. These goods (to produce) in Great Britain.

3. Not many bank services (to provide) for clients in the Soviet Union.

4. I (not/ to teach) French at school, I (to teach) English.

5. Several models (to make) by the economists.

6. Such a situation (to predict) by economists long ago.

7. Consumers' behaviour (to study) by a group of economists.

8. This plant (to build) 80 years ago.

9. Who (to make) the manager of the factory?

ПРОШЕДШЕЕ ПРОСТОЕ ВРЕМЯ (Past Simple Tense)

Past Simple Tense употребляется для выражения

действий, совершившихся в прошлом

и не связанных с настоящим моментом.

УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

Правильный глагол + -ed (или вторая форма

неправильного глагола)

I You Не/ She/ It We They	worked	at the lesson yesterday. three years ago.
	spoke English

ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

	did not (didn't) + глагол
I You He/ She/ It We They	did not (didn't)	work	at the lesson yesterday. three years ago.
		speak English

ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ
	I	work
	you		at the lesson yesterday?
Did	he/ she/ it
	we		three years ago?
	they	speak English
КРАТКИЕ ОТВЕТЫ:
Yes, she did.
No, they didn't.
СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ
Where		I you	work?
	did	he/ she/ it —-
When		we they	speak English?
IV. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме
прошедшего простого времени.
1. What data the economist (to analyze) last year? — He (to
analyze) the changes in prices for chocolate.
2.1 (not/to study) economics last year.
3. My parents (not/ to study) economics at the University,
they (to study) medicine.
4. Trade between the two countries (to develop) well last year.
5. What goods this firm (to sell)?
6. They (to make) a correct decision? — No, they ....
7. Indu	stry (to devel	op) fast at that	time?

Сравнительная таблица разных типов предложений в

настоящем и прошедшем временах в действительном и

страдательном залогах

(для примера выбраны правильный глагол to study -

studied — studied и неправильный глагол to write —

wrote — written)

Действительный залог	Страдательный залог
Настоящее простое время 1. The scientist studies/ writes articles. 2. The scientist does not study/ write articles. 3. Does the scientist study/write articles? Прошедшее простое время 4. The scientist studied/ wrote articles yesterday. 5. The scientist did not study/ write articles yesterday. 6. Did the scientist study/ write articles yesterday?	Настоящее простое время 1. Articles are studied/ written by the scientist. 2. Articles are not studied/ written by the scientist. 3. Are articles studied/ written by the scientist? Прошедшее простое время 4. Articles were studied/ written by the scientist yesterday. 5. Articles were not studied/ written by the scientist yesterday. 6. Were articles studied/ written by the scientist yesterday?

V. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме настояще­го или прошедшего простого времени в действительном либо в страдательном залоге.

1. Economists (to consider) a firm as an economic unit.

2. The company (to distribute) its goods in many Russian cities but some goods (to distribute) in European countries.

3. The family income (not/to rise) last year.

4. Consumers (to provide) with both goods and services in this supermarket.

5. The living standard of population (to fall) last year?

6. New workers (to employ) by the company every year?

7. The firm (not/ to supply) the city with agricultural products.

8. The new economic plan is good and no changes (to require) in it.

9. Proper policy (to use) by the government two years ago? 10. Government investments (to require) by this plant last

year.

Числа, обозначающие годы, читаются следующим образом:

1985 — nineteen eighty-five; 1907 — nineteen о [эи] seven; 2000 - two thousand; 2003 — two thousand and three. Если речь идет об одном десятилетии в течение века, например 50-е годы XIX века, то следует читать: the fifties (50s) of the 19th century или the 1850s - the eighteen-fifties.