- •English grammar
- •Билет №1 Simple Sentence (ss)
- •Билет №2 The Principal Parts of the Sentence
- •It as the subject of the sentence
- •The Compound Verbal Predicate
- •Mixed types of predicate
- •Билет №3 Secondary parts
- •Independent Parts of the Sentence
- •Билет №4 The Gerund
- •General description of verbals;
- •General characteristics of the g.;
- •The functions of the g. In the sentence
- •Билет №5 The Infinitive
- •Билет №6 Тhe Participle
- •Билет №7 Predicative Constructions with the Verbals
- •Infinitive Constructions
- •Билет №8 The Compound Sentence
- •Билет №9 The Complex Sentence. Nominal Clauses the plan
- •1.Nominal clause
- •2. Subject clause
- •3. Predicative clause
- •4. Object clause
- •It was appropriate that the guests wore evening dresses
- •Билет №10 The Complex Sentence. Attributive Clauses
- •Билет №11 The Complex Sentence. Adverbial Clauses
- •Билет №12 Tense and Aspect. Indefinite and Continuous
- •The Present Indefinite Tense
- •I Habitual Actions (the core uses of the Pr. Ind.)
- •II Actions going on at the moment of speaking (“momentary present”)
- •III Future actions
- •IV Past Actions
- •Билет №13 Tense and Aspect. Perfect and Perfect Continuous
- •Билет №14 Voice. The Passive Voice
- •Билет №15 Mood. The Subjunctive Mood
- •I wish you’d come oftener to see us. / я хотела бы, чтобы вы почаще заходили.
- •Билет №16 The use of the Subjunctive Mood in conditional sentences
- •Билет №17 Modal verbs. Can, may and their equivalents
- •General description of m.V.; their peculiarities (see №18)
- •Can/could
- •May/might
- •Билет №18 Modal verbs. Must, have to, be to and their equivalents
- •Билет №19 Modal verbs. Should, would, shall, will, dare, need
Билет №18 Modal verbs. Must, have to, be to and their equivalents
(C) ESP
THE PLAN:
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general description of m.v.; their peculiarities;
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the modal verb must:
in creative contexts;
in descriptive contexts;
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have + to-infinitive;
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be + to-infinitive.
Modal verbs are used to show speaker’s attitude toward the action or state indicated by the infinitive, they show if this action is considered as possible, impossible, probable, obligatory, necessary, advisable etc. M.v. are called defective because all of them (except dare and need) lack verbals and analytical forms. Besides, they do not take –s in the third person singular. They have some peculiarities:
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all of them (except ought to and sometimes dare and need) are followed by the infinitive without the particle to.
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All of them (except dare and need) form the negative and interrogative fom without the auxiliary do.
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All of the m.v. have negative forms – a full (must not) and a contracted one (mustn’t)
MUST
MEANING; FUNCTION sentence type |
EXAMPLES |
NOTES; RESTRICTIONS |
conclusion that sth is certain or highly probable (+) |
Mary must have a problem- she keeps crying. I cаn't find my keys; I must've left them at home. You must be joking! |
I felt there must be something wrong. b) Should can be used as a weaker form: Ann must be at home by now (I'm sure…) Ann should be at home by now (I think she's probably...) с)АmE prefers have (got) to; this use is becoming common in BrE, too: You have (got) to be joking! Only eight o'clock! It's got to be later than that! |
an obligation that comes from the speaker; strong advice or order to oneself or the other person (+,?) |
Yon must be here at 8 tomorrow. (~Ты должен…, тебе необходимо. .) We mustn't go back on our word (~…не должны, нельзя...) Must I clean all the rooms? |
a)In АmЕ, have to is generally preferred: Do I have to clean ...?
You'll have to be here at 8 tomorrow. |
prohibition that comes from the speaker (-) |
You mustn't open this parcel until Christmas Day |
In AmE, can't is normal: You can't open this parcel... |
emphatic advice or invitation (+,-) |
You really must come and see us soon, (-Непременно...) You mustn't miss this chance (~Ни в коем случае не…) |
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emphatic, irritable reproach (?)
sth regarded as inevitable owing to the laws of nature(+) |
Why must you always leave the door open? Must you wear dirty old jeans the whole time?
All people must die. Plants must have plenty of water and sunlight. |
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TO HAVE (GOT) TO |
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an obligation that comes from "outside" (circumstances, regulations, other people's orders) (+,?) |
Sorry I've got to go now. Do you have to wear a tie to the office? / 'm having to work very hard at the moment (temporary continued obligation) |
Have got to is not normally used to speak about repeated obligations: I usually have to start work at eight. |
absence of necessity (-) |
1 don't have to cook my meals now that I'm married. |
Or: I don't need to cook... |
TO BE TO
plans and arrangements [formal] |
The President is to visit Finland next month. |
"To be + perfect infinitive" shows that a planned eventldidn't happen: He was to have moved out last week, but he changed his mind. |
"fate" |
We were to meet again, many years later. (~... суждено...) |
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orders |
You are to do your homework before you watch TV. She can go to the party, but she's not to be back late |
Often used by parents in speaking to children. |
''pre-conditions" |
If we are to get there by lunchtime, we'd better hurry. He knew he would have to work hard if he was to pass his exam. |
Only found in clauses of purpose joined by if; the main clause must contain a modal expression. |