- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •Acknowledgements
- •Unit 1 petroleum engineering
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Read and remember the pronunciation.
- •2. Pay attention to the stress in the following words.
- •3. Read the text, do the exercises. Petroleum engineering
- •4. Match the English terms in column “a” with their Russian equivalents in column “b”.
- •9. Give the English equivalents to the Russian words.
- •10. Find the meaning of the words in the box in a dictionary. Match the terms with the definitions.
- •11. Classify the responsibilities of a reservoir engineer and a drilling engineer into two groups.
- •12. Complete the sentences, using the information from the text.
- •13. State whether the sentences are true or false according to the text. If true, add the information on the statement. If false, correct the sentence.
- •15. Answer the following questions.
- •Unit 2 oil companies
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Read the words, remember the pronunciation.
- •2. Read the following word formations and remember their pronunciation. Pay special attention to the stress.
- •3. Read the text and do the exercises.
- •Оil Industry Sectors
- •The entire oil industry is often divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream and downstream.
- •Downstream (oil industry)
- •Upstream (oil industry)
- •Midstream (oil industry)
- •4. State whether the sentences are true or false. If true, add the information on the statement. If false, correct the sentence.
- •Pronunciation of the name
- •11. What do the following abbreviations stand for?
- •12. State whether the sentences are true or false according to the text. If true, add the information on the statement. If false, correct the sentence.
- •13. 9 Listen to the tape and answer the questions given below.
- •14. Fill in the chart with the information on domestic and foreign oil companies. Use some additional resources: for example, www. Wikipedia.Ed.
- •15. 9 A. Listen to the text, remember the key words.
- •16. Study the definitions in Appendix (pg. 60-61 ). Match departments and personnel with their definitions.
- •17. Match the job title with the definition.
- •18. Complete the diagram showing the company structure using the definitions in a.
- •19. Complete the sentences
- •20. Read the text and discuss the after-text questions. See appendix 3 (pg. 63-64 ). An Example of a Difference between Russian and Western Operating Company Structure
- •21. Answer the following questions:
- •22. Role play: You are welcoming a visitor to your company. Consult …
- •Unit 3 oil formation
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •Read the words, remember the pronunciation.
- •2. Read the text and do the exercises.
- •Close-up of reservoir rock (oil is in black)
- •3.Match the headings and the paragraphs of the text you have read. There is one extra heading.
- •4. Read the following word combinations and give the Russian equivalents.
- •5. Find the English equivalents to the following terms and phrases.
- •6. Complete the following sentences
- •7. Draw a diagram of oil formation. Label it. Describe the process using your diagram.
- •8. Work in pairs.
- •9. Read the following text “How Oil Becomes Oil” and do the exercises
- •How Oil Becomes Oil
- •10.Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones.
- •11. Give definitions to the following terms.
- •12. State whether the following sentences are true or false.
- •13. Put the facts into the correct order showing how oil becomes oil.
- •14. 9 You will hear a lecture on petroleum. For questions 1-6, choose the best answer a, b, or c.
- •15. Discuss the following questions.
- •16. Scan the text given below and describe the main oil properties based on the information you learn. Complete the table.
- •Physical and Chemical Properties of Oil
- •17. Make a presentation on one of the topics. Consult ...
- •Unit 4 hse (Health, Safety, Environment)
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •Read the words, remember the pronunciation.
- •Read the text and do the exercises.
- •3. Pay attention to the following word-formations.
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the word(s) from the list below. Explanation to these terms are given in the brackets.
- •5. Fill in the correct preposition, then choose two items and compose sentences.
- •6. Match the problems with the ways of their solution.
- •7. Compose collocations from the following words
- •8. Match the items with their function.
- •9. Classify the words into 2 categories. Guess what these categories are. Add some more items to each category.
- •10. 9 Study the definitions given in Appendix (pg. 65-66 ).
- •11. Read the text again and make notes under the following headings, then talk about hse performance.
- •12. Read the introduction to bp’s 8 golden rules. Find words in the text that mean the same as the words and phrases below. Getting the basics right
- •13. Write each safety rule in the box next to explanation.
- •Bp’s 8 golden rules of safety
- •14. A. Listen to Bob describing an incident. Think of questions you would like to ask about it.
- •15. Describe some incident really happened in oil, gas and petrochemical industries. Report it to the group, answer possible questions.
- •Appendix unit 2 company structure
- •Unit 4 health, safety and environment
- •References
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Read the words, remember the pronunciation.
[aı] nitrogen, hydrocarbon, refining
[e] residue, buried, dead, lenses, ethane
[eı] chain, available, able, locate, basin
[ə:] permeable, exert, refer, occur, preserve
[i:] methane, heat
[o:] source, porous, fault, salt, alter
[t∫ ] mixture, structure, manufacture, saturated
[ ∫ ] pressure, partially, depression, sufficiently, ocean
[k] chemical, unique
2. Read the text and do the exercises.
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Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with minor proportions of other chemicals such as compounds of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. To use the different parts of the mixture they must be separated from each other. This separation is called refining.
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Crude oils from different parts of the world, or even from different depths in the same oilfield, contain different mixtures of hydrocarbons and other compounds. This is why they vary from light colored volatile liquids to thick, dark oils - so viscous that they are difficult to pump from the ground.
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Hydrocarbons vary in structure depending on the number of carbon atoms and the way in which the hydrogen atoms combine with them. Hydrocarbons can be arranged as straight chains, branched chains or closed rings. There are two main chemical families of hydrocarbons - the alkanes and the alkenes.
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As the structure of hydrocarbons varies so much, thousands of synthetic products can be manufactured with many different properties. Hydrocarbons with small molecules make good fuels. Methane (CH4) has the smallest molecules, and is a gas, used for cooking and heating and generating electricity. Gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel and fuel oil are all liquid fuels.
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Hydrocarbon molecules can be split up into smaller ones, or built up into bigger ones, or altered in shape, or modified by adding other atoms. This is why they are a very useful starting point (called a chemical feedstock) for making other materials. Even the thick black tarry residue left after distillation is useful. It is called bitumen, and is used in tarmac for road surfacing, and for roofing.
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Oil is formed from the remains of tiny plants and animals (plankton) that died in ancient seas between 10 and 600 million years ago. After the organism died, they sank into the sand and mud at the bottom of the sea. Over the years, the organisms decayed in the sedimentary layers. In these layers there was little or no oxygen present. So microorganisms broke the remains into carbon-rich compounds that formed organic layers. The organic material mixed with the sediments, forming fine-grained shale, or source rock. As new sedimentary layers were deposited, they exerted intense pressure and heat on the source rock. The heat and pressure distilled the organic material into crude oil and natural gas. The oil flowed from the source rock and accumulated in thicker, more porous limestone or sandstone, called reservoir rock. Movements in the Earth trapped the oil and natural gas in the reservoir rocks between layers of impermeable rock, or cap rock, such as granite or marble.