- •CONTENTS
- •INTRODUCTION
- •1 Getting Started
- •Better, Cheaper, Easier
- •Who This Book Is For
- •What Kind of Digital Film Should You Make?
- •2 Writing and Scheduling
- •Screenwriting
- •Finding a Story
- •Structure
- •Writing Visually
- •Formatting Your Script
- •Writing for Television
- •Writing for “Unscripted”
- •Writing for Corporate Projects
- •Scheduling
- •Breaking Down a Script
- •Choosing a Shooting Order
- •How Much Can You Shoot in a Day?
- •Production Boards
- •Scheduling for Unscripted Projects
- •3 Digital Video Primer
- •What Is HD?
- •Components of Digital Video
- •Tracks
- •Frames
- •Scan Lines
- •Pixels
- •Audio Tracks
- •Audio Sampling
- •Working with Analog or SD Video
- •Digital Image Quality
- •Color Sampling
- •Bit Depth
- •Compression Ratios
- •Data Rate
- •Understanding Digital Media Files
- •Digital Video Container Files
- •Codecs
- •Audio Container Files and Codecs
- •Transcoding
- •Acquisition Formats
- •Unscientific Answers to Highly Technical Questions
- •4 Choosing a Camera
- •Evaluating a Camera
- •Image Quality
- •Sensors
- •Compression
- •Sharpening
- •White Balance
- •Image Tweaking
- •Lenses
- •Lens Quality
- •Lens Features
- •Interchangeable Lenses
- •Never Mind the Reasons, How Does It Look?
- •Camera Features
- •Camera Body Types
- •Manual Controls
- •Focus
- •Shutter Speed
- •Aperture Control
- •Image Stabilization
- •Viewfinder
- •Interface
- •Audio
- •Media Type
- •Wireless
- •Batteries and AC Adaptors
- •DSLRs
- •Use Your Director of Photography
- •Accessorizing
- •Tripods
- •Field Monitors
- •Remote Controls
- •Microphones
- •Filters
- •All That Other Stuff
- •What You Should Choose
- •5 Planning Your Shoot
- •Storyboarding
- •Shots and Coverage
- •Camera Angles
- •Computer-Generated Storyboards
- •Less Is More
- •Camera Diagrams and Shot Lists
- •Location Scouting
- •Production Design
- •Art Directing Basics
- •Building a Set
- •Set Dressing and Props
- •DIY Art Direction
- •Visual Planning for Documentaries
- •Effects Planning
- •Creating Rough Effects Shots
- •6 Lighting
- •Film-Style Lighting
- •The Art of Lighting
- •Three-Point Lighting
- •Types of Light
- •Color Temperature
- •Types of Lights
- •Wattage
- •Controlling the Quality of Light
- •Lighting Gels
- •Diffusion
- •Lighting Your Actors
- •Interior Lighting
- •Power Supply
- •Mixing Daylight and Interior Light
- •Using Household Lights
- •Exterior Lighting
- •Enhancing Existing Daylight
- •Video Lighting
- •Low-Light Shooting
- •Special Lighting Situations
- •Lighting for Video-to-Film Transfers
- •Lighting for Blue and Green Screen
- •7 Using the Camera
- •Setting Focus
- •Using the Zoom Lens
- •Controlling the Zoom
- •Exposure
- •Aperture
- •Shutter Speed
- •Gain
- •Which One to Adjust?
- •Exposure and Depth of Field
- •White Balancing
- •Composition
- •Headroom
- •Lead Your Subject
- •Following Versus Anticipating
- •Don’t Be Afraid to Get Too Close
- •Listen
- •Eyelines
- •Clearing Frame
- •Beware of the Stage Line
- •TV Framing
- •Breaking the Rules
- •Camera Movement
- •Panning and Tilting
- •Zooms and Dolly Shots
- •Tracking Shots
- •Handholding
- •Deciding When to Move
- •Shooting Checklist
- •8 Production Sound
- •What You Want to Record
- •Microphones
- •What a Mic Hears
- •How a Mic Hears
- •Types of Mics
- •Mixing
- •Connecting It All Up
- •Wireless Mics
- •Setting Up
- •Placing Your Mics
- •Getting the Right Sound for the Picture
- •Testing Sound
- •Reference Tone
- •Managing Your Set
- •Recording Your Sound
- •Room Tone
- •Run-and-Gun Audio
- •Gear Checklist
- •9 Shooting and Directing
- •The Shooting Script
- •Updating the Shooting Script
- •Directing
- •Rehearsals
- •Managing the Set
- •Putting Plans into Action
- •Double-Check Your Camera Settings
- •The Protocol of Shooting
- •Respect for Acting
- •Organization on the Set
- •Script Supervising for Scripted Projects
- •Documentary Field Notes
- •What’s Different with a DSLR?
- •DSLR Camera Settings for HD Video
- •Working with Interchangeable Lenses
- •What Lenses Do I Need?
- •How to Get a Shallow Depth of Field
- •Measuring and Pulling Focus
- •Measuring Focus
- •Pulling Focus
- •Advanced Camera Rigging and Supports
- •Viewing Video on the Set
- •Double-System Audio Recording
- •How to Record Double-System Audio
- •Multi-Cam Shooting
- •Multi-Cam Basics
- •Challenges of Multi-Cam Shoots
- •Going Tapeless
- •On-set Media Workstations
- •Media Cards and Workflow
- •Organizing Media on the Set
- •Audio Media Workflow
- •Shooting Blue-Screen Effects
- •11 Editing Gear
- •Setting Up a Workstation
- •Storage
- •Monitors
- •Videotape Interface
- •Custom Keyboards and Controllers
- •Backing Up
- •Networked Systems
- •Storage Area Networks (SANs) and Network-Attached Storage (NAS)
- •Cloud Storage
- •Render Farms
- •Audio Equipment
- •Digital Video Cables and Connectors
- •FireWire
- •HDMI
- •Fibre Channel
- •Thunderbolt
- •Audio Interfaces
- •Know What You Need
- •12 Editing Software
- •The Interface
- •Editing Tools
- •Drag-and-Drop Editing
- •Three-Point Editing
- •JKL Editing
- •Insert and Overwrite Editing
- •Trimming
- •Ripple and Roll, Slip and Slide
- •Multi-Camera Editing
- •Advanced Features
- •Organizational Tools
- •Importing Media
- •Effects and Titles
- •Types of Effects
- •Titles
- •Audio Tools
- •Equalization
- •Audio Effects and Filters
- •Audio Plug-In Formats
- •Mixing
- •OMF Export
- •Finishing Tools
- •Our Software Recommendations
- •Know What You Need
- •13 Preparing to Edit
- •Organizing Your Media
- •Create a Naming System
- •Setting Up Your Project
- •Importing and Transcoding
- •Capturing Tape-based Media
- •Logging
- •Capturing
- •Importing Audio
- •Importing Still Images
- •Moving Media
- •Sorting Media After Ingest
- •How to Sort by Content
- •Synchronizing Double-System Sound and Picture
- •Preparing Multi-Camera Media
- •Troubleshooting
- •14 Editing
- •Editing Basics
- •Applied Three-Act Structure
- •Building a Rough Cut
- •Watch Everything
- •Radio Cuts
- •Master Shot—Style Coverage
- •Editing Techniques
- •Cutaways and Reaction Shots
- •Matching Action
- •Matching Screen Position
- •Overlapping Edits
- •Matching Emotion and Tone
- •Pauses and Pull-Ups
- •Hard Sound Effects and Music
- •Transitions Between Scenes
- •Hard Cuts
- •Dissolves, Fades, and Wipes
- •Establishing Shots
- •Clearing Frame and Natural “Wipes”
- •Solving Technical Problems
- •Missing Elements
- •Temporary Elements
- •Multi-Cam Editing
- •Fine Cutting
- •Editing for Style
- •Duration
- •The Big Picture
- •15 Sound Editing
- •Sounding Off
- •Setting Up
- •Temp Mixes
- •Audio Levels Metering
- •Clipping and Distortion
- •Using Your Editing App for Sound
- •Dedicated Sound Editing Apps
- •Moving Your Audio
- •Editing Sound
- •Unintelligible Dialogue
- •Changes in Tone
- •Is There Extraneous Noise in the Shot?
- •Are There Bad Video Edits That Can Be Reinforced with Audio?
- •Is There Bad Audio?
- •Are There Vocal Problems You Need to Correct?
- •Dialogue Editing
- •Non-Dialogue Voice Recordings
- •EQ Is Your Friend
- •Sound Effects
- •Sound Effect Sources
- •Music
- •Editing Music
- •License to Play
- •Finding a Composer
- •Do It Yourself
- •16 Color Correction
- •Color Correction
- •Advanced Color Controls
- •Seeing Color
- •A Less Scientific Approach
- •Too Much of a Good Thing
- •Brightening Dark Video
- •Compensating for Overexposure
- •Correcting Bad White Balance
- •Using Tracks and Layers to Adjust Color
- •Black-and-White Effects
- •Correcting Color for Film
- •Making Your Video Look Like Film
- •One More Thing
- •17 Titles and Effects
- •Titles
- •Choosing Your Typeface and Size
- •Ordering Your Titles
- •Coloring Your Titles
- •Placing Your Titles
- •Safe Titles
- •Motion Effects
- •Keyframes and Interpolating
- •Integrating Still Images and Video
- •Special Effects Workflow
- •Compositing 101
- •Keys
- •Keying Tips
- •Mattes
- •Mixing SD and HD Footage
- •Using Effects to Fix Problems
- •Eliminating Camera Shake
- •Getting Rid of Things
- •Moving On
- •18 Finishing
- •What Do You Need?
- •Start Early
- •What Is Mastering?
- •What to Do Now
- •Preparing for Film Festivals
- •DIY File-Based Masters
- •Preparing Your Sequence
- •Color Grading
- •Create a Mix
- •Make a Textless Master
- •Export Your Masters
- •Watch Your Export
- •Web Video and Video-on-Demand
- •Streaming or Download?
- •Compressing for the Web
- •Choosing a Data Rate
- •Choosing a Keyframe Interval
- •DVD and Blu-Ray Discs
- •DVD and Blu-Ray Compression
- •DVD and Blu-Ray Disc Authoring
- •High-End Finishing
- •Reel Changes
- •Preparing for a Professional Audio Mix
- •Preparing for Professional Color Grading
- •Putting Audio and Video Back Together
- •Digital Videotape Masters
- •35mm Film Prints
- •The Film Printing Process
- •Printing from a Negative
- •Direct-to-Print
- •Optical Soundtracks
- •Digital Cinema Masters
- •Archiving Your Project
- •GLOSSARY
- •INDEX
INTRODUCTION
Once upon a time, the world of filmmaking was very small and most of it was contained in one place: Hollywood. In those days before the advent of digital technology, through trial and error, the studios developed an exceptional workflow
designed to track a massive amount of data without using computers.
Today, thanks to modern technology, there are myriad digital tools available to filmmakers in the form of hardware and software. And the old studio workflow, while still potentially valuable, is in need of an upgrade.
In this book, we’ll guide you through the modern digital filmmaking workflow and show you the tools (and toys) that will make your life easier. We’ll help you navigate the ever-changing developments of new technology while keeping the big picture in mind: storytelling. Because despite all the changes since the heyday of Hollywood, the heart of filmmaking remains unchanged.
What You’ll Find in This Book
This book is organized into three parts, just like a film shoot: preproduction, production, and postproduction.
Part I: Preproduction Chapters 2 through 5 cover the traditional stage of “preproduction,” the part of the process during which you make all the decisions necessary to start shooting: writing, technology basics, planning, scheduling, storyboarding, set design, and choosing a camera.
Part II: Production Chapters 6 through 10 cover the traditional stage of “production,” the principal shoot of your project: lighting, using the camera, shooting, and recording production sound, including a special new chapter on shooting with DSLR cameras.
Part III: Postproduction Chapters 11 through 18 cover the traditional stage of “postproduction”: workstations and equipment, organizing and media management, editing, sound design, color correction, titles, special effects, and delivery of the finished product—everything from streaming video to a digital cinema screening in a theater.
Finally, although we assume no formal training in video or film production, we might— on occasion—use film and video production-related terms. You’ll find definitions for these terms in the glossary. You might be surprised to learn how much you already know about video production. Watching movies is the best way to learn the visual literacy required of a good filmmaker, and most people have seen plenty of movies.
xxiv Introduction
Look for the “What to Watch” tips for suggested movies and TV shows to watch along the way.
Filmmaking is a challenging, exciting, and always instructive process. We wish you the best of luck in your filmmaking endeavors. Now, it’s time to get started!
WHAT TO WATCH
Rewatch a film you saw recently. Pick a film you saw recently and watch it again. Instead of paying attention to the story, pay attention to how the film was made. This time, look at how it is shot, where the camera is, and why. Listen to how music is used (or not used), if there are any graphics or special effects, and if there are any unusual editing choices. Try to imagine the creative choices the director made during each phase of filmmaking: preproduction, production, and post. Now start thinking about your own film in these ways. Remember, when a film is well made, you won’t see “the strings.” So, to learn from the work of a good filmmaker, you have to actively observe how the film was constructed.
Companion Web Site Downloads
The tutorial media for this book can be found at the companion Web site: www.thedigital filmmakinghandbook.com.
The Web site also features blog postings, product reviews, and articles about new digital filmmaking developments.
In addition, sections of previous editions that feature older technology, such as analog videotape, are now available on the Web site.
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