Апраксина_Н_Д_«Английский_язык»_Часть_I__Методические_указания_по_проведен

but the approximations obtained promise a favorable result."

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This make-or-break signaling was able to transmit tones and someАГНИvowels, but

since it did not follow the analog shape of the sound wave (the contact was pure

е

digital, on or off) it could not transmit consonants, or complex sounds. Bourseul's

т

phrase "make and break the current" was inaccurately applied to later work by

Philipp Reis who successfully transmitted faint voice sounds with unbroken current.

In 1860 Johann Philipp Reis was the first who produced a functioning

electromagnetic device that could transmit musicalоnotes, indistinct speech, and

occasionally distinct speech by means of electricиsignals. Reis also introduced the

term "telephon" for his device. The first sentence spoken on it was "Das Pferd frisst

keinen Gurkensalat" (the horse doesn't eat cucumber salad). In the Reis transmitter, a

б

diaphragm was attached to a needle thatблpressed against a metal contact. This

resembled the make-or-break designиof Bourseul, although Reis used the term

"molecular motion" (molekulare Bewegung) to describe the contact points of his

ая

transmitter. The Reis transmitter was very difficult to operate, since the relative

position of the needle and the contact were critical to the device's operation. This can

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be called a "telephone", since it did transmit voice sounds over distance, but was

hardly a commercially practical telephone in the modern sense, as it failed to reliably

transmit a good copy of any supplied sound.

ро

Thomas Edison tested the Reis equipment and found that "single words, uttered

as in reading, speaking and the like, were perceptible indistinctly; notwithstanding

кт

here also the inflections of the voice, the modulations of interrogation, wonder,

command, etc., attained distinct expression."

е

Prior to 1947, the Reis device was tested by the British company Standard

Telephones and Cables (STC). The results also confirmed it could faintly transmit

Э

and receive speech. At the time STC was bidding for a contract with Alexander

лGraham Bell's American Telephone and Telegraph Company, and the results were

The first American demonstration of Meucci's invention took place in Staten

Island, New York in 1854. In 1860, a description of it was reportedly published in an

ка

Italian-language New York newspaper, although no known copy of thatАГНИnewspaper

issue or article survived to the present day. Meucci claimed to have invented a paired

е

electro-magnetic transmitter and receiver, where the motion of a diaphragm

т

modulated a signal in a coil by moving an electromagnet, although this was not

mentioned in his 1871 U.S. patent caveat. A further discrepancy observed was that

the device described in the 1871 caveat employed only a single conduction wire, with

the telephone's transmitter-receivers being insulated fromоa 'ground return' path.

In the 1880s Meucci was credited with theиearly invention of inductive loading

of telephone wires to increase long-distance signals. Unfortunately, serious burns

from an accident, a lack of English, and poor business abilities resulted in Meucci

failing to develop his inventions commerciallyблin America. Meucci demonstrated

some sort of instrument in 1849 in Havana,и Cuba, but the evidence is clear that this

was not

an electromagnetic telephone and may have been a variant of a string

б

telephone that used wire. Meucci has been further credited with invention of an anti-

sidetone circuit. However, examination showed that his solution to sidetone was to

maintain two separate telephone circuits, and thus use twice as many transmission

ая

wires. The anti-sidetone circuit later introduced by Bell Telephone instead cancelled

sidetone through a feedback process.

Meucci was recognized for his pioneering work on the telephone by the United

нн

States House of Representatives in 2002. The resolution stated that "if Meucci had

been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have

ро

been issued to Bell." No such patent could have issued to Bell in March 1876. If

Meucci had renewed his caveat, he would have been given an opportunity to prove to

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the examiner that the device described in his caveat was the electromagnetic

е

telephone described in Bell's patent application.

л

2. Упражнения для самостоятельной работы, см. учебные пособия:

Э

а)

Полякова Т.Ю., Синявская Е.В., Тынкова О.И., Улановская Э.С.

Практическое занятие 16. Мой родной край. Альметьевск

АГНИ

Цель:

Тренировать лексический минимум по теме, формировать навыки устной

речи (монолог-описание об Альметьевске: местоположение, предприятия,

достопримечательности); ознакомить с грамматической темой: определение,

способы выражения придаточным предложением.

ка

Учебный материал

1. Расскажите об Альметьевске, отвечая на вопросы:

How old is Almetyevsk?

е

Where is it situated?

т

о

What places of interest are there?

What is Almetyevsk famous for?

Is it different from other cities of Tatarstan?

What is your favorite place of interest? Why?и

Do you know the outstanding people of Almetyevsk?

и

Are there cultural and sport centers?

бл

Where do people like walking?

What standard of living is there in Almetyevsk?

ая

There are many enterprises, aren’tбthere? Name some of them.

2. Определите, чем выражено определение (см. Учебник английского

языка. И.В. Орловск я, стр. 303-305).

Eating habits, their continued popularity, existing musical genres; Zulya

Kamalova, who currently resides in Australia; fruits and vegetables that were

ро

previously regarded as exotic; popular songs to sing in English, Russian and Tatar.

Задания к самостоятельнойнн

работе студентов

1. Напишите сочинение об Альметьевске, его местоположении,

кт

предприя иях и достопримечательностях.

е

Вопросы для самоконтроля

л

1. Определение, выраженное придаточным предложением.

2. Сообщение по теме «Мой родной край, Альметьевск».

Э

способы

выражения причастием, герундием и инфинитивом; практиковать

чтение с пониманием основной и запрашиваемой информации.

Учебный материал

1. Прочтите текст о Татарстане и обсудите его в парах.

Tatarstan (1)

The education system in Tatarstan is secular. The literacy rate for the total

population is about 100%. Elementary and secondary education is compulsory

(grades 1–11). Students must pass graduation exams at the end of the 11th grade in

order to continue their education in colleges and universities. Most schoolsАГНИare public

along with a small number of parochial schools run by churches or mosques. The

school year begins in September. Kazan State University is one of the major centers

ка

of higher education in Russia. There are several colleges, institutes, and technical

schools in Kazan and other cities of the republic.

е

т

The Tatar cuisine, while preserving the national traditions, has undergone

substantial changes. Economic and cultural changesоhave introduced many new

dishes, enriching the traditional cuisine. More fruitsиand vegetables are now used than

traditionally, fish has become more popular, mushrooms, tomatoes, and pickles are in

common use. The opening up of international trade has given access to fruits and

б

vegetables that were previously regardedблas exotic, i.e., bananas, kiwi, mango,

eggplant, etc. National cuisines of иother peoples of the former Soviet Union,

especially the Russian cuisine, have influenced the modern eating habits of the Tatar.

ая

On the other hand, the uniqueness of the national Tatar dishes ensures their continued

popularity among other nations. Names of Tatar dishes areayran, belesh, bekken,

нн

bavyrsak, burek, chakchak, chiburekki, gubadia, echpochmak, (ochpochmak),

peremech, pilmen, kystybyi, shulpa, tokmach, tutyrgan tavyk, tutyrma.

Major libraries include the Science Library of Kazan State University and the

ро

National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan. There are two museums of republican

significance, as well as 90 museums of local importance. In the past several years

кт

new museums appeared throughout the Republic.

2. Выпишите новые слова из текста и выучите.

е

л

Задания к самостоятельной работе студентов

1.

Прочтите о культурной и научной жизни Татарстана и кратко

Э

перескажите.

theater provides special translation devices

to

audience members who do not

understand Tatar.

ка

е

One of the peculiar

features of Tatar

culture during Soviet times was that

т

Tatarstan, being an "autonomous republic" rather than a "union republic" within the

USSR, was not allowed by Moscow to have its own filmоstudio (whereas each "union

republic" was entitled to one). As a result, most Tatarиactors, producers and directors

could develop their talents only within the realm of theater. All artistic talent in those

fields of self-expression was

concentrated exclusively in theater rather than both

б

theater and film. This fact might explain theблextraordinary commercial success of the

Tatar Theater and the remarkably highиquality of its productions, as well as the

enormous popularity of theater as a genre among Tatars.

ая

определением,

выраженным причастием,

2. Ознакомьтесь

с

Вопросы для самоконтроля

1. Определе ие, выраженное причастием, герундием, инфинитивом.

ро

2. Сообщениеннпо теме «Татарстан: культура, традиции и обычаи».

кт

е

л

Э

Tatar opera was staged in 1925. It was composed by Sultan Gabyashi in collaboration

with Vasili Vinogradov. Farit Yarullin was the creator of the first Tatar ballet, known

as Surale. Modern Tatar music includes practically all existing musical genres.

The largest center of Tatar national music is the Jalil Opera and BalletАГНИTheatre

named after Musa Jalil. The first Tatar opera, Saniya, was staged in 1925. It was

composed by Soltan Gabashi in collaboration with Vasili Vinogradov. Farit Yarullin

ка

was the creator of the first Tatar ballet, Şurale. Modern Tatar music includes

practically all existing basic musical genres.

е

т

Modern, non-traditional music includes pop, rock, hip-hop music etc. One of

the most remarkable artists, who obtained her ownоniche in Tatar music is in

collaboration with and composer Zulya Kamalova,иwho currently resides in Australia.

One of the most outstanding examples of contemporary Tatar music is the rock opera

The Wanderer in Bulgar – an amalgamation of Tatar Folk Music, the Tatar Opera

б

tradition and western rock music arrangementsблwith Russian rock prints. Tatar pop

singers Alsu (who sings in English,иRussian and Tatar) and Zemfira (who sings

mostly in Russian) are currently among the most popular musical performers in

ая

Russia. The National Tatarstan Orchestra is the major symphony orchestra in

Tatarstan.

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2. Переведите слова и выражения:

secular, literacy rate, parochial schools, mosques, to undergo substantial

changes, local importance, traditional cuisine, pentatonic scale, in collaboration with,

ро

musical genres, outstanding, amalgamation, rock music arrangements, remarkable

artists.

кт

3. Напишите электронное письмо другу о своем родном городе.

Задания к самостоятельной работе студентов

е

1. Прочтите о культурной и научной жизни Татарстана и кратко

п рескажите.

Э

Religion

л

development of technology for composite materials, etc. The subjects of studies are

ка

traditionally associated with the industrial profile of the Republic. ThereАГНИexist many

investment-promising projects.

е

2. Упражнения для самостоятельной работы, см. уч бные пособия:

т

а) Полякова Т.Ю., Синявская Е.В., Тынкова О.И., Улановская Э.С.

Английский язык для инженеров: Учебник. – М.: Высшая школа, 2007 – с.62-

70.

б) Шевелева С.А. English on Economics: Учебноеопособие для вузов. – М.:

ЮНИТИ, 2001 - с.101-104.

и

Вопросы для самоконтроля

1. Составление неформального электронного письма с информацией по

лексической теме.

б

бл

2. Сообщение по теме «Татарстани: культура, традиции, обычаи».

ая

Практическое зан тие 19. Экономика России и англоговорящих

стран: Россия

нн

Цель:

Тренировать лексический минимум по теме, формировать навыки устной

речи (монолог-рассуждение); ознакомить с грамматической темой: времена

ро

группы Perfect Active: Present Perfect Active.

Учебный материал

кт

1. П очтите текст и расскажите его.

е

Economy of Russia

Э

The economy of Russia is the ninth largest economy in the world by nominal

value and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Russian economy is

лtoday considered by IMF and World Bank a developing one. Russia has an

abundance of natural gas, oil, coal, and precious metals. Russia has undergone

significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally

planned economy to a more

market-based and globally integrated economy.

for future years of around 3.5% of GDP.

2. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения в Present Perfect Active и

задайте к ним все типы вопросов.

3. Выучите лексические единицы (А) и типы юридических лиц в

России (В):

А) purchasing power parity (PPP) – паритет покупательской способности,

ка

abundance – избыток, изобилие, undergo – испытать, перенести, preciousАГНИmetals –

драгоценные металлы, defense-related sectors – сектора, связ нные с обороной,

е

notable exceptions – особые исключения, stable growth rate – норма стабильного

роста,

т

B) Types of legal entities in Russia

∙

IP (Индивидуальный предприниматель) – "Individual

entrepreneur"

о

∙

OOO (Общество с ограниченнойиответственностью, ООО) –

"Limited liability company"

∙

ZAO (Закрытое акционерное о щество, ЗАО) – "Private joint-

stock company"

б

бл

∙ OAO (Открытое акционерноеи

общество, ОАО) –"Public joint-

stock company"

ая

∙

ANO (Автономная некоммерческая организация, АНО) –

"Autonomous non-profit organization"

нн

∙ GP or GUP (Государственное унитарное предприятие, ГП или

ГУП) – "Unitary state enterprise"

∙

Фо д – “Fund”

ро

∙

PK (Производственный кооператив, ПK) – "Production

Cooperative"

кт

PP (Политические партии, ПП) – "Political party"

∙

4. Прочтите текст и

составьте монолог-рассуждение об

е

информационной технологии в России.

Э

Information technology

л The IT market is one of the most dynamic sectors of the Russian economy.

software development activities and opened their R&D centers in Russia.

5. Переведите выражения:

ка

АГНИ

Software

exports,

in terms of revenue, network

integration, offshore

programming,

currently,

е

software outsourcing, favorable tax, customs regime,

meanwhile.

т

о

Задания к самостоятельной работе студент в

1. Прочтите текст, переведите и напишите 10 вопросов.

Natural recoursesиin Russia

The mineral-packed Ural Mountains and the vast oil, gas, coal, and timber

reserves of Siberia and the Russian Far East make Russia rich in natural resources.

б

However, most such resources are locatedблin remote and climatically unfavorable

areas that are difficult to develop and farиfrom Russian ports.

Natural resources, especially oil and gas, dominate Russian exports. Oil and

ая

gas exports continue to be the main source of hard currency. The petroleum industry

in Russia is one of the largest in the world. Russia has the largest reserves, and is the

нн

largest exporter, of natural gas. It has the second largest coal reserves, the eighth

largest oil reserves, and is the largest exporter of oil in the world in absolute numbers.

Per capita oil production in Russia, though, is not that high. As of 2007, Russia

ро

was producing 69.603 bbl/day per 1,000 people, much less than Canada (102.575

bbl/day), Saudi Arabia (371.363 bbl/day), or Norway (554.244 bbl/day), but more

кт

than two times more than the USA (28.083 bbl/day), or the UK (27.807

bbl/day).Russia is also a leading producer and exporter of minerals and gold. 90% of

е

Russian exports to the United States are minerals or other raw materials.

Э

Expecting the area to become more accessible as climate change melts Arctic

ice, and believing the area contains large reserves of untapped oil and natural gas, on

л2 August 2007, Russian explorers, in submersibles, planted the Russian flag on the

Вопросы для самопроверки

ка

1. Времена группы Perfect Active, Present Perfect Passive.

е

2. Сообщение по теме «Экономика России и англоговорящих стран:

Россия».

т

о

и

Практическое занятие 20. Экономика России и англоговорящих

стран: Великобритания

бл

Цель:

Тренировать лексический минимуми по теме, формировать навыки устной

речи (монолог-описание по теме); ознакомить с грамматической темой: времена

б

группы Perfect Active: Past и Future Perfect Active.

Учебный матери л

1. Прочтите текст, обсудите его и напишите 7 вопросов.

ая

Economy of the United Kingdom

The economy of the United Kingdom is the sixth-largest national economy in

нн

the world measured by nominal GDP and eighth-largest measured by purchasing

power parity (PPP), and the third-largest in Europe measured by nominal GDP (after

ро

Germany and France) and second-largest measured by PPP (after Germany). The

UK's GDP per capita is the 22nd highest in the world in nominal terms and the 22nd

кт

highest measured by PPP. The British economy encompasses (in descending order of

е

size) the economies of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

л The UK has one of the world's most globalised economies. London is the

world's largest financial centre alongside New York and has the largest city GDP in

Э