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Cell Biology

and Histology

SEVENTH EDITION

Leslie P. Gartner, PhD

Professor of Anatomy (Retired)

Department of Biomedical Sciences

University of Maryland Dental School

Baltimore, Maryland

James L. Hiatt, PhD

Professor Emeritus

Department of Biomedical Sciences

University of Maryland Dental School

Baltimore, Maryland

Health

®Wolters Kluwer

Philadelphia Baltimore New York London

Buenos Aires·• Hong Kong·• Sydney·• Tokyo

Baltimore, MD 21201

Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103

Spanish Translation, 2008, published by Lippincott Williams Wilkins Japanese translation, 2007, published by Medical Sciences International, LTD Greek translation, 2006, published by Parissianos Publishing Company

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner.

The publisher is not responsible (as a matter ofproduct liability, negligence, or otherwise) for any injury resulting from any material contained herein. This publication contains information relating to general principles ofmedical care that should not be construed as specific instructions for individual patients. Manufacturers' product information and package inserts should be reviewed for current information, including contraindications, dosages, and precautions.

Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor

Product Development Editor: Amy Weintraub

Production Project Manager: Priscilla Crater

DesignCoordinator: Holly Reid McLaughlin

Manufacturing Coordinator: Margie Orzech

Compositor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services

PrintedLibraryinofCongresshi a Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gartner, Leslie P., 1943authorI .

Cell biology and histology Leslie P. Gartner, James L. Hiatt. - Seventh edition. p. ; em. - (Board review series)

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4511-8951-3 (paperback:alk. paper)

I. Hiatt, James L., 1934author. II. Title. III. Series:Board review series.

[DNLM: l. Histological Techniques-Outlines. 2. Cytological Techniques-Outlines. QS 18.2] QM553

61 1'.018-dc23

DISCLAIMER	2014018636

Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy ofthe information present and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy ofthe contents ofthe publication. Application ofthis information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility ofthe practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations.

The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted everyeffortto ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time ofpublication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow ofinformation relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when

the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug.
Visit	Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food					and Drug Administration (FDA)
		{301) 223-2320.&			{301) 223-2300.		&
clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility ofthe health care provider to
ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in their clinical practice.							(800) 638-3030
	To purchase additional copies ofthis book, call our customer service department at							or fax
orders to			International customers should call
	Lippincott Williams			Wilkins on the Internet:http:/ /www.lww.com. Lippincott Williams Wilkins

customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6:00 pm, EST.

Preface

We were very pleased with the reception of the sixth edition of this book, as well as with the many favorable comments we received from students who used it in preparation for the USMLE Step l or as an outline and study guide for their histology and/or cell biology courses in professional schools or undergraduate colleges.

Many of the chapters have been extensively revised and updated to incorporate current information, and we have attempted to refine the content of the text to present material emphasized on National Board Examinations as succinctly as possible while still retaining the emphasis on the relationship between cell structure and function through the vehicle of cell and molecular biology. A tremendous amount of material has been compressed into a concise but highly comprehensive presentation, using some new and revised illustrations. The relevancy of cell biology and histology to clinical practice is illustrated by the presence of clinical considerations within each chapter as appropriate.

The greatest changes that occurred in the evolution of this book from its previous edi tion are that we have added many more clinical considerations and compressed informa tion into tabular form. We believe that these changes make this board review book more interesting and pertinent and the presentation of material in tables conserves time in the review process for medical students in their preparation for the USMLE Step l.

We are sad to announce that Judy Strum, our coauthor throughout the first six editions of this review book, decided to complete her retirement from the faculty of the University of Maryland School of Medicine thereby withdrawing her participation in the preparation of the current edition of this textbook.

As always, we welcome comments, suggestions, and constructive criticism of this book. Please address all comments to LPG2ll36@yahoo.com P.

Leslie Gartner, PhD

James L. Hiatt, PhD

iii

Acknowledgments

We thank the following individuals for their help and support during the preparation of this book: Crystal Taylor, our Acquisitions Editor; and Dana Battaglia and Amy Weintraub, our product Development Editor(s), who helped us weave all of the loose ends into a seamless whole.

Preface iii

Acknowledgments iv

1.	PLASMA MEMBRANE		1
	I.	Overview-The Plasma Membrane (Plasmalemma; Cell Membrane) 1
	II.	Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane 1
	Ill.	Plasma Membrane Transport Processes	5
	IV.	Cell-to-Cell Communication 7
	V.	Plasmalemma-Cytoskeleton Association	9

Review Test 12

2.	NUCLEUS				15
	I.	Overview-The Nucleus 15
	II.	Nuclear Envelope 15
	Ill.	Nucleolus		18
	IV	Nucleoplasm			18
	v.	Chromatin		19
	VI.	Chromosomes			20
	VII.	DNA	21
	VIII.	RNA	22
	IX.	Cell Cycle		25
	X.	Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) 28
	XI.	Meiosis 29
	Review Test		31

3.	CYTOPLASM AND ORGANELLES		33
	I.	Overview-The Cytoplasm 33
	II.	Structural Components 33
	Ill.	Interactions among Organelles 49

Review Test 58

vi Contents

4.	EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
	EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
	I.	Overview-The Extracellular Matrix 61
	II.	Ground Substance 61
	Ill.	Fibers	64
	Review Test		72

5.EPITHELIA AND GLANDS

I.	Overview-Epithelia 75
II.	Lateral Epithelial Surfaces	77
Ill.	Basal Epithelial Surfaces	80
IV	Apical Epithelial Surfaces	83
v.	Glands 87

Review Test 89

6.CONNECTIVE TISSUE

I.	Overview-Connective Tissue 92
II.	Extracellular Matrix 92
Ill.	Connective Tissue Cells	93
IV.	Classification of Connective Tissue 99

Review Test 103

7.CARTILAGE AND BONE

I. Overview-CartilagellO 106

II. Overview-Bone

Ill. Joints 120

Review Test 121

8.MUSCLE

I.	Overview-Muscle 124
II.	Structure of Skeletal Muscle 124
Ill.	Contraction of Skeletal Muscle		130
IV	Innervation of Skeletal Muscle		132
v.	Cardiac Muscle	133
VI.	Smooth Muscle	135
VII.	Contractile Nonmuscle Cells		139

106

124

Review Test 140

Contents vii

NERVOUS SYSTEM				143
I.	Overview-Nervous System 143
II.	Histogenesis of the Nervous System			143
Ill.	Cells of Nervous System		145
IV	Synapses	151
v.	Nerve Fibers 152
VI.	Nerves	153
VII.	Ganglia	155
VIII.	Histophysiologyof Nervous System			155
IX.	Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System 157
X.	Central Nervous System		158
XI.	Degeneration and Regeneration of Nerve Tissue 160

Review Test 162

10. BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS				166
I.	Overview-Blood	166
II.	Blood Constituents	166
Ill.	Blood Coagulation	172
IV.	Bone Marrow 174
V.	Prenatal Hemopoiesis		175
VI.	Postnatal Hemopoiesis		175
VII.	Hemopoietic Growth Factors (CSFS)			179
Review Test 181

11. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM		184
I.	Overview-Blood Vascular System 184
II.	Overview-Lymphatic Vascular System	195
Review Test 196

12. LYMPHOID TISSUE		199
I.	Overview-The Lymphoid (Immune) System 199
II.	Cells of the Immune System 201
Ill.	Antigen Presentation and the Role of MHC Molecules 209
IV.	Immunoglobulins	210
V.	Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue 211
VI.	Lymphoid Organs	212

Review Test 218

viii Contents

13. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM		221

I.	Overview-The Endocrine System 221
II.	Hormones 221
Ill.	Overview-Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) and Hypothalamus	222
IV.	Overview-Thyroid Gland 228
V.	Parathyroid Glands 232
VI.	Overview-Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands 234
VII.	Pineal Gland (Pineal Body, Epiphysis) 237
Review Test 239

14. SKIN			242

I.	Overview-The Skin		242
II.	Epidermis 242
Ill.	Dermis 248
IV	Glands in the Skin		249
v.	Hair, Hair Follicle, and Arrector Pili Muscle 251
VI.	Nails	252
Review Test		254

15. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM		257

I.	Overview-The Respiratory System 257
II.	Conducting Portion of the Respiratory System 257
Ill.	Overview-Respiratory Portion of the Respiratory System	262
IV.	Lung Lobules 269
V.	Pulmonary Vascular Supply 269
VI.	Pulmonary Nerve Supply 269

Review Test 270

16.DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: ORAL CAVITY

AND ALIMENTARY TRACT		273

I.	Overview-The Digestive System	273
II.	Oral Region 273
Ill.	Divisions of the Alimentary Canal	278
IV.	Digestion and Absorption 289

Review Test 291

Contents ix

17. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: GLANDS			294
I.	Overview-Extrinsic Glands of the Digestive System		294
II.	Major Salivary Glands	294
Ill.	Overview-Pancreas	296
IV.	Liver 299
V.	Gallbladder 304

Review Test 306

18. THE URINARY SYSTEM			309
I.	Overview-The Urinary System		309
II.	Kidneys 309
Ill.	Uriniferous Tubules	310
IV.	Renal Blood Circulation 320
V.	Regulation of Urine Concentration 321
VI.	ExcretoryPassages	324
Review Test 327

19. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM				330
I.	Overview-Female Reproductive System			330
II.	Ovaries	330
Ill.	Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes)		338
IV.	Uterus	339
V.	Cervix	341
VI.	Fertilization and Implantation 342
VII.	Placenta	343
VIII.	Vagina	345
IX.	External Genitalia (Vulva)		345
X.	Mammary Glands 346

Review Test 348

20. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM			350
I.	Overview-Male Reproductive System		350
II.	Testes	350
Ill.	Genital Ducts 357
IV.	Accessory Genital Glands 359
V.	Urethra 361
VI.	Penis	362
Review Test		363

xContents

21. SPECIAL SENSES		366

I.	Overview-Special Sense Receptors 366
II.	Specialized Diffuse Receptors 366
Ill.	Sense of Sight-Eye 368
IV.	Sense of Hearing-Ear (Vestibulocochlear Apparatus)	378

ComprehensiveReview TestExamination384 387

Index 405

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