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.docBrief Methodological Notes
BRIEF METHODOLOGICAL NOTES
System of National Accounts (SNA) represents the system of interconnected statistical indicators built in the form of a certain set of accounts and tables characterizing the results of economic activity of the country.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the most important indicators of SNA which characterises final results of production activities of economic units - residents. It reflects the value of final goods and services produced by these units during the certain period in prices of final buyer. It can be computed as the sum of value added of all industries (or institutional sectors) plus net taxes on products not included in it. Gross value added is defined as the difference between the value of produced goods and services (output) and value of goods and services entirely consumed in the production process (intermediate consumption).
GDP can be also defined as the sum of primary incomes payable by producers - residents to participants of the production process (both residents and non-residents): compensation of employees, net taxes on production and imports, gross operating surplus and gross mixed income.
Use of GDP includes final consumption of goods and services, gross fixed capital formation, change in inventories, net acquisition of valuables and net exports of goods and services.
Volume indices of GDP are derived by dividing the value of GDP in the accounting period estimated in prices of the base period by its value in the base period (base period is usually changed once in five years). In practice the majority of the CIS countries change the base period annually because of considerable changes which occur in the structure of economy and prices during the year. Volume indices of GDP in the accounting year as compared with the previous year are computed by dividing the value of GDP in the accounting year in prices of the previous year by the value of GDP in the previous year. Indices of GDP for long periods are computed with the help of the chained indices method.
GDP is closely related to other important aggregates of the SNA: gross national income and gross national disposable income.
Implicit deflator of GDP characterizes change in the level of prices for the economy as a whole; it is derived by dividing the value index of GDP in current prices by its volume index.
Calculation of main macroeconomic indicators (gross domestic product, industrial production, agricultural pro-duction, retail turnover, market services rendered to population, money income of population) of the CIS countries per capita as percentage of average data for the CIS are estimated in current prices in russianin roubles with the help of official average annual exchange rates of national currencies to rouble established by central (national) banks of CIS countries using the data on average annual number of resident population. Calculation of external trade turnover is done in dollar terms.
Residents are institutional units (legal entities or persons) which have the centre of economic interest on the economic territory of the country, i.e. they can have real estate, engage or intend to engage in economic activity on the territory of the country during long period (not less than one year).
The economic territory of the country is the territory which is administrated by the government of the given country and within which persons, goods and capitals can move freely; it does not include the territorial enclaves of other countries (embassies, military bases, etc.) or international organizations but includes the enclaves of the given country at the territory of other countries.
Gross national income (GNI) is the sum of the primary income receivable by the residents of the country as remuneration for their participation in production of the GDP of the given country and the countries of the rest of the world. GNI differs from the GDP by the balance of primary income (labour income and property income) receivable from the rest of the world. Earlier GNI was called gross national product (GNP).
Gross national disposable income (GNDI) is the sum of the primary income and current transfers receivable by the residents of the given country. They refer to income which the residents dispose of for final consumption and saving. GNDI differs from the GNI by the balance of current transfers receivable from the rest of the world.
Compensation of employees represents a remuneration in cash and in kind payable by employers for the job performed during the accounting period. It is computed on an accrual basis and consists of the two following components: i) wages and salaries (before deduction of taxes on income); ii) social contributions payable by employers.
Taxes on production and imports are compulsory, non-compensated, unrequited payments levied by the government on producing units in connection with the production, sales and imports of goods and services or the use of factors of production. They do not include taxes on profit or other income receivable by enterprises. They consist of taxes on products and other taxes on production.
Taxes on products are taxes payable proportionally to the quantity or value of goods and services produced, sold or imported by residents. They include the following most wide-spread taxes: value added tax (VAT) and value added type taxes, excises, taxes on sales, purchases and so forth, taxes on certain types of services, taxes on exports and imports, etc.
Other taxes on production are taxes connected with the use of factors of production as well as licence fees and payments for permission to perform some productive activity or other obligatory payments necessary for performance of producing resident units. They may be payable on the land, fixed assets or labour employed in the production process or for the right to exercise certain activities or transactions.
Net taxes are taxes less subsidies.
Subsidies are current non-compensated unrequited payments payable by the government to enterprises in connection with the production, sales and imports of goods and services or the use of the factors of production for pursuing certain economic and social policy. They consist of the subsidies on products and other subsidies on production.
Subsidies on products are subsidies payable proportionally to the quantity or value of goods and services produced, sold or imported by residents. They include, for example, regular compensations to enterprises from the state budget for constant losses arising from the fact, that sale price for their output is established lower than average costs of production; subsidies on exports and imports.
Other subsidies on production consist of subsidies payable by the government to enterprises in connection with the use of the factors of production. They include subsidies payable for the employment of particular groups of persons (handicapped, persons who are seeking a job for a long time, etc.), subsidies to reduce pollution and subsidies for the use of other factors of production, for example, to stimulate using certain types of raw materials, energy, etc.
Gross operating surplus is a part of value added which remains at disposal of producers (corporations) after deducting the compensation of employees and net other taxes on production. For small dealers, farmers, persons engaged in private carriers’ trade, privately - practising doctors , teachers - coaches and other entrepreneurs and unpaid family workers this category includes both remuneration of labour input of the members of households and operating suplus. In this case it is called “gross mixed income”. Operating surplus and mixed income can be measured also on net basis i.e. after deducting the consumption of fixed capital.
Consumption of fixed capital represents the decline, during the accounting period, in the current value of the stock of fixed assets as a result of physical deterioration, normal obsolescence or normal accidental damage.
Final consumption represents the value of goods and services used directly for individual and collective consumption. Final consumption can be considered from two points of view.
On one hand, it represents the sum of final consumption expenditure of resident households, the general government and private non-profit institutions serving households. For households it includes expenditure on purchase of consumer goods and services financed out of their income; for the general government - expenditure of budgetary units rendering individual services to households in the field of health care, social security, culture and art as well as expenditure of budgetary units providing services to society as a whole in the field of the public administration, defence, science and so forth; the same refers to private non-profit institutions serving households which are considered conventionally as providing only individual goods and services. Such grouping shows who finances expenditure for final consumption.
On the other hand, final consumption can be determined as actual final consumption of goods and services. For households it includes their expenditure on purchase of consumer goods and services and the value of individual goods and services received by households from the general government institutions and from private non-profit institutions serving households as social transfers in kind. For the general government actual final consumption equals to the value of collective services; there is no actual final consumption for private non-profit institutions serving households.
Gross national saving is a part of the GNDI which is not spent on the final consumption of goods and services.
Gross capital formation represents the net acquisition of goods and services by residents produced in the current period, but not consumed in it. It consists of the following components: gross fixed capital formation; change in inventories, net acquisition of valuables.
Gross fixed capital formation represents investment in fixed assets for generation of new income in the future by using them in production. Fixed capital represents assets which are the output of production and are used in the process of production repeatedly. Gross fixed capital formation includes the following components: i) acquisition, less withdrawals, of new and existing fixed assets; ii) outlays on improvement of non-produced tangible assets (land, subsoil assets, minerals, natural forests and other natural resources); iii) transfer costs associated with change of ownership of non-produced assets (natural resources, patents, licenses and so forth).
Change in inventories refers to change in the value of stocks of materials and supplies, work-in-progress, finished goods and goods for resale. Change in the value of stocks within the given period is computed as the difference between the stocks as of the end and the beginning of the period valued in average prices of the given period to eliminate influence of price changes.
Net acquisition of valuables is the value of acquisitions, less withdrawals of assets purchased as means of storage of value: precious metals and stones, antiques, collections and other objects of art.
Net national lending (borrowing) is an excess of the resources available for financing capital outlays (gross saving plus balance of capital transfers) over the outlays on acquisitions of non-financial assets. At the level of the economy as a whole it refers to the amount of resources which the country lent to the rest of the world or which the rest of the world lent to the given country.
National wealth according to the System of National Accounts concept represents accumulated non-financial and financial assets less financial liabilities to the rest of the world which are at the country,s disposal for the present moment. National wealth can also be defined as a sum of accumulated non-financial assets plus net requirements to the rest of the world.
Non-financial assets include produced assets (fixed assets, inventories, valuables) and non-produced assets (land, other natural resources and such intangible assets as patents, licenses, etc.).
Population property (except dwellings and other buildings, livestock and perennial plantations included in the fixed capital, stocks of agricultural goods, young and fattening livestock included in inventories as well as valuables) is not included in the national wealth. However, in the System of National Accounts it is recommended to show separately the value of household consumer durables. They include passenger cars, electric, radio and electronic appliances (TV-sets, video tape-recorders, personal computers, refrigerators, washing machines, etc), furniture and so forth.
Only selected elements of the national wealth are shown in the present publication, such as fixed assets and inventories; household consumer durables are given for reference.
Fixed capital (fixed assets) represents a major component of the countrys national wealth. Fixed assets refer to buildings, structures, machinery and equipment, vehicles, tools, instruments, draught and productive livestock, perrennial plantations, and other types of fixed assets.
Fixed assets cover fixed assets owned by enterprises and organizations of all ownership types as well as fixed assets owned by households, which include: dwellings, buildings for production purposes, perennial plantations, livestock, agricultural machines and tools.
Fixed assets are valued at historic and replacement cost (gross and net). The historic cost is the value of fixed assets at prices at the time of acquisition, installation or putting into operation. The replacement cost is the value of fixed assets at current market prices. Gross value is computed before deduction of accumulated amount of wear and tear. Net value is computed by deducting accumulated amount of wear and tear from gross value (as of the beginning and the end of the year).
Budget is a form of formation and expenditure of monetary funds designed for financing tasks and functions of the state and local authorities.
Consolidated (state) budget is the total of the budgets of all levels: republican (federal) and territorial, including local budgets.
Budget revenue – monetary funds received unrequitedly and irrevocably in accordance with the legislation of the state at the disposal of the state authorities of all levels – republican (federal), regional and local. They refer to taxes and similar compulsory payments of enterprises, organizations and population, non-tax budget receipts as well as official transfers including grants received from other levels of the budgetary system and international organizations.
Budget expenditure referes to the sum of actual outlays of the general goverment bodies for general administration, defense, health care, education, development of market infrastructure and so forth. Also is included the lending (minus the repayment), provided by the government to other sectors of economy or to the rest of the world. The expenditure of the consolidated budget includes outlays of all respective levels of the general government – republican (federal), regional and local.
Expenditure on economy includes expenditure on industries producing goods and services in accordance with the adopted in the country budgetary classification. The bulk of this expenditure is designed for financing capital investment in the public sector of the economy and subsidizing enterprises.
Expenditure on social and cultural measures includes expenditure on education, culture, medical services, social security of population.
Expenditure on national defence represents purchases of armament and war technique, expenditure on current maintenance of arm forces and navy, financing the research and development, military construction, pensions to servicemen, etc.
Expenditure on general administration is designed for perfoming management and organizational functions by the government and is connected with the specific sphere of administrative activities.
Expenditure on maintenance of law bodies, courts and procurator’s offices is the expenditure on maintening the internal affairs bodies, state security bodies, courts and procurator’s offices.
Deficit of the state budget refers to the excess of the total state budget expenditure over the total state budget revenue.
Proficit of the state budget is the excess of the budget revenue over its expenditure.
External debt refers to the amount including debt liabilities of residents to non-residents, in particular: liabilities to international financial organizations; general debt liabilities to foreign credit organizations; commercial credits received (including those ones under state guarantee), liabilities on debt securities.
Monetary aggregates are measured by the indicators of volume and structure of money in circulation. Total money in circulation is characterized by indicators :
M0 = holdings of cash (outside of banking system),
M1 = M0 plus deposits by demand by households to saving banks, deposits by households and enterprises to other banks, the amounts of money on current and special accounts of enterprises and organizations,
M2 = M1 plus deposits to saving accounts of saving banks,
M3 = M2 plus depository certificates issued by banks, state bonds and other securities issued by banks and the state.
Credis provided to enterprises and organizations (including banks), refers to the balance of indebtedness, including arrears, of legal persons and individuals to credit organizations on all credits (including credits extended for state authorities of all levels), foreign states, state extrabudgetary funds, non-residents, in currency of the state, foreign currency and precious metals.
Deposits of population - sums of deposits of population in savings and other banks as of a certain date.
Indices of producers’ prices of industrial output refer to changes of producers’ prices of industrial output. They are computed on the basis of the observation of changes of these prices by registering prices of commodities-representatives. This observation is carried out with regard to the enterprises included in the sample survey.
Aggregated indices for branches of industries and industry as a whole are computed by using the data on the structure of industrial production in the preceding year as the weights.
Price indices for agricultural products sold by agricultural enterprises refer to changes of prices of sales of agricultural products by agricultural enterprises and organizations of major agricultural products through all channels of sales. The indices are computed on the basis of data on sales of agricultural products by agricultural enterprises broken down by channels of sales and types of products in accounting period and actual prices realised in accounting and basis periods. Prices of sales of agricultural products are shown taking into account surcharges and discounts for quality of sold products excluding expenditure for transportation, forwarding, shipment and unloading of products as well as value added tax and subsidies.
Consumer price index (CPI) shows change over certain period of time of value of fixed basket which includes all foodstuffs, non food goods and services purchased by households. CPI represents a ratio of current value of the basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households in the base period to its value expressed in prices of the base period (as a rule, in prices of preceeding month or year) and does not reflect the impact of changes in income, quantity and structure of consumption of population. The index is computed with the help of Laspeyres formula on the basis of individual indices of consumer prices and tariffs of goods and services included in the basket; these individual price indices are normally calculated on the basis of monthly registration of prices and tariffs of commodities-representatives. The structure of consumption expenditure in the base period is used for weighting individual price indices; this structure is established on the basis of the households budget surveys. The CPI can be calculated separately with respect to foodstuffs, non-food products and services.
Exports of goods refer to the value of goods taken out from the economic territory of the given country and as a result the material resources of the residents of the given country are reduced. The principle criterium of the registration of exports is the change of ownership, in practice in customs statistics the fact of crossing the borders of the countries is used as a criterium. Exports are valued in current prices both in national currency and in US dollars. Exports are valued in fob prices (franko-port of the country-exporter) or in daf prices (franko-border of the country-exporter). Fob prices (free on board) include the cost, freight and insurance on the board of the ship. Conversion of exports in US dollars is carried out with the help of exchange rates quoted by the central bank of the country as of the date of receiving customs cargo declaration.
Commodity nomenclature of external economic activities of the CIS countries is used for classifying exported goods (TNEEA CIS).
Imports of goods refer to the value of goods taken to the economic territory of the given country and as a result the material resources of the residents of the given country are increased. The major criterium of the registration of imports is the change of ownership, in practice in customs statistics the fact of crossing the borders of the countries is used as a criterium. Imports are valued in current cif prices (franko-port of the country-importer) or in cip prices (franko-point of destination at the border of the country-importer). Cif prices (cost, insurance, freight) include the value of goods and expenses on insurance and transportation of goods to the port of the country-importer. Conversion of imports in US dollars is carried out with the help of exchange rates quoted by the central bank of the country as of the date of receiving customs cargo declaration.
Commodity nomenclature of external economic activities of the CIS countries is used for classifying imported goods (TNEEA CIS).
Balance of external trade is the difference between exports valued in fob prices and imports in cif prices.
Share of some countries of the Commonwealth in total volume of external trade turnover, exports and imports of the Commonwealth countries for 1999-2005 is computed excluding data on export and import transactions of Turkmenistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Main indicators of activities of enterprises with foreign investment located on the territory of Russia, for 1991-1997 are formed by the aggregate of enterprises with individual share of foreign investment (joint ventures), enterprises fully belonging to foreign investors and foreign legal persons affiliates (in accordance with instruction on making up statistical accounting on the activity of joint and foreign enterprises approved by the resolution of the Goskomstat of Russia № 274 of 30.12.94).
Methodology on formation of aggregate of enterprises with participation of foreign capital changed beginning from the record for 1998. According to the Federal Law №160-FZ of 9 July 1999 “On foreign investment in the Russian Federation” russian commercial organization receive the status of commercial organization with foreign investment from the day of inclusion of foreign investor in its composition.
Exchange rate - the price of the monetary unit of the given national currency expressed in monetary units of the currency of the other country. The exchange rates of national currencies of the CIS countries against US dollar, euro and the rouble of the Russian Federation are established by the central banks of the countries.
Industrial structure of indicators (GDP, industrial production, investment in fixed capital) are shown in accordance with the national statistical classifications of kinds of economic activities as a rule based on Statistical Classification of Kinds of Economic Activities of the European Communities (NACE, rev. 1), beginning from the date of their introduction. However, some countries have not transfered yet to the national classifications and the above-mentioned indicators are shown in them in accordance with Classification of Branches of National Economy of the former USSR (CBNE), applied by the CIS countries in the transition to the market economy and differes significantly in contents from groupings of industries of the same name of CBNE.
Volume of industrial production in value terms refers to the total output of industrial establishments of both industrial and non-industrial enterprises and organizations.
Output of an industrial establishment is defined to include the value of finished goods and sale of semi-finished goods (produced both from own materials and materials of customers) as well as the value of industrial works performed by orders of various customers including non-industrial establishments of the enterprise. Excluded from the output are the goods used for own production within the establishment.
The output is valued at current and constant prices.
Volume indices of industrial output are computed on the basis of valuation of output at constant prices.
In some countries the computation of those indices is based on information on output of selected commodities-representatives in physical units with aggregation of the individual indices in order to obtain index-numbers for industry as a whole or some branches of industry. In some countries value added data are used for aggregation purposes.
Indices for long periods are computed with the help of chained indices method.
Industrial output in physical units refers to output of specific types of industrial products in physical units. The output, as a rule, is recorded including products used as input within the given enterprise.
Agricultural production represent aggregate index of agricultural production and is determined as a sum of crops and animal production values produced in agricultural enterprises and organizations, households, private farms estimated at current prices of the registered year or at constant prices (prices of any year taken as basis one).
To compute volume indices of agricultural production index of its value at constant prices is used.
The category agricultural enterprises and organizations includes state, collective farms and enterprises of forestry and fishery engaged in agricultural production; subsidiary agricultural production of industrial, construction, transport enterprises and organizations, ministries, departments, educational establishments, children camps, sanatoria, holiday homes, religious organizations as well as boarding schools, homes for disabled persons, children homes, homes for aged persons, etc.
Personal plots of households refer to personal subsidiary plots of households, collective gardens and kitchen-gardens, plots allotted to summer cottages.
Peasant (private) farms are the economic entities both registered and not registered as legal entities which carry out production, processing and sale of agricultural products, on the basis of ownership or lease of land and other types of property by individuals, families or groups of individuals. The number of farms and the agricultural land space used by them are accounted as of the moment of registration by local government bodies.
Production of crops (at current or constant prices) includes value of gross harvest of agricultural crops and other production of crops produced in registered year as well as value, of young perennial plantations and changes in value of work - in - progress from the beginning to the end of the year.
Production of animal products (at current and constant prices) includes value of cattle, poultry and other animals breeding, production of milk, eggs, wool, honey and other animal products.
Total land space includes all agricultural land (arable land, perennial plants, meadows, pasture grounds, etc.) and non-agricultural land (forests, swamps, lands under the water, under constructions, streets, other lands not used in agriculture, etc.).
Agricultural land is land plots used systematically for production of agricultural products. Agricultural land is in ownership, leasing, constant or temporary use of agricultural enterprises, households and peasant (private) farms.
Arable land is agricultural land cultivated and used systematically under sowing of agricultural crops, including permanent meadows and fallows.
All land areas are shown by land users engaged in agricultural production.
Gross production of crops refers to the crops harvested from the lands under different agricultural crops, agricultural plantations and other agricultural lands within one agricultural holding or any territorial unit. Gross production of most types of crops is shown in physical weight; production of grain, sunflower (for grain) is shown in the weight after processing, sugar beet (factory) – in registered weight.
Production of crops per unit of land characterises average production of crops per unit of land. The indicator is computed on average per one hectare of actually harvested land. Yield of fruit and berries is calculated for area under mature plants.
Number of livestock population includes livestock of all age groups of the corresponding kind of livestock. Number of poultry includes poultry of all kinds and ages (geese, hens, ducks, turkey-hens, etc.).
Production of livestock and poultry for slaughter refers to sale of livestock and poultry calculated in slaughtering weight which includes livestock and poultry sold through all channels of sales for slaughter as well as livestock and poultry slaughtered in agricultural enterprises, peasant (private) farms, personal plots of households.
Production of milk refers to actually produced milk of all diary and breeding cows, buffaloes-cows, yaks-cows, ewes, mares, including milk used for feeding young animals. Milk consumed by sucking calves is excluded.
Production of eggs refers to eggs produced by all kinds of poultry, including losses (breakage, spoiling etc.) and eggs used for poultry breeding (incubation and others).
Consumption of the main foodstuffs per capita – actual consumption of the main foodstuffs (by kinds) per capita. Consumption of the main foodstuffs by population includes the following ones:
meat and offal of the I-rst and II-nd category, fat and meat products (sausage, smoked meat, canned meat and meat with vegetables, chopped meat, etc.) in recalculation for meat;
milk and dairy products (butter, cheese, brynza, cream, sour cream, curds, ice-cream, canned milk, dry milk etc.);
poultry eggs, egg-powder, mélange in recalculation for eggs;
flour, groats, grain, bread and macaroni products in recalculation for flour;
potatoes, vegetables and melons (fresh, dry, salted, canned, pickled, etc. in recalculation for fresh).
Investment in fixed capital refers to the aggregate of outlays directed to creation and reproduction of fixed assets (new countruction, expansion as well as reconstruction and modernization of units, which result in increase of primary value of units and attribute to additional capital of organization, acquisition of machinery and equipment, transport facilities, to main herd formation, perennial plantations and so forth).
Freight transportation by transport enterprises refers to the volume of cargo in tons, transported by the enterprises engaged in cargo transportation.
Cargo transportion by railway transport are shown taking into account total volume of transportation, including transit and imports of cargo from the Commonwealth countries since 1991 - for Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia and Moldova, since 1994 - for Tajikistan, since 1995 - for Ukraine, since 1997 - for Kazakhstan.
Cargo transportation by motor transport are shown taking into account volume of work performed by entrepreneurs – individuals: since 1991 - for Azerbaijan and Georgia; since 1993 - for Russia; since 1995 - for Kazakhstan; since 1996 - for Armenia, Belarus and Moldova; since 1997 - for Kyrgyzstan; since 1998 - for Tajikistan.
Transportation of passengers refers to the number of passengers carried at the accounting period by all types of transport including trains, ships, planes, buses as well as subway, trams, trolleybuses, taxis and so forth.
The indicator is computed as the total number of passengers carried by all transport means both within the country and in international transportation irrespective of types of tariffs applied and including passengers enjoyed the right of free travel.
Transportation of passengers by bus transport are shown taking into account volume of work executed by private firms and commercial motor transport enterprises: since 1996 - for Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, since 1997 - for Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, since 1998 - for Tajikistan, since 1999 – for Russia and Ukraine.
For Armenia since 2000 the data on freight transportation and freight turnover by motor transport, passenger transportation and passenger turnover by bus and taxi transport executed by entrepreneurs - individuals are estimated according to new methodology (proceeding from the results of conducted servey).
Mailed (number of outgoing mail) – letters, including postal cards and small parcels (ordinary and with indicated cost), periodicals (newspapers and magazines) delivered to subscribers and supplied to retail network of press dessimination.
Cables sent are accounted both as paid and service as well as money order and “trunk - call”. Included are all cables of which those transmitted by phone, teletype or through operation windows at the post – offices.
Number of phone sets (including taxphones) of telephone network of general use or having connection to it - includuded are phone sets connected to telephone exchanges of urban and rural telefone network of general use of the Ministries of Communication and telephone sets having connection to general use network connected with telephone exchanges belonging to other agencies and organizations. Of total number of telephone sets shown separately are domestic ones (installed in apartments, private homes).
Pager –receiver of the system of personal radio call.
Mobile communication – mobile system of radiotelephone communication. The principle of this system implies that the coverage of receiving exchanges having connection to Automatic Telephone Exchanges (ATE) covers the city (district) like beer’s honeycombs. The owner of mobile radiotelephone switches over automatically from one station to another while moving.
Internet - global imformation network (system of connected computer netwoks of the world computer networks) which makes easy provision of services on information exchange.
Total retail trade turnover refers to sales of goods to households in current prices for final consumption and other types of uses in households. It is computed on the basis of the reports submitted by trading organizations and catering enterprises (all types of property and institutional arrangements) as well as by enterprises and organisations other than trade units (industrial, transport, etc.). It includes sales for cash and through non-cash settlements, sales of selected food products to hospitals, children institutions and other socially oriented institutions except Russia.
Retail trade turnover through all channels of sales also includes sales (on the basis of estimates by national statistical services) of goods by individuals both on the territory of free markets, non-food, food and mixed markets and out of its limits.
For Armenia for 2005 and for Moldova for 2004-2005 volume of turnover is given excluding catering enterprises turnover, but including repair and technical services of transport means.
Sales of services to households refers to the payments received by enterprises from households (population) for services provided both in cash and non-cash forms including VAT, excises and similar types of taxes on products.
Included are the services rendered by enterprises (organizations) irrespective of the type of ownership and organizational subordination to households for satisfying their cultural, social, medical, judicial and other needs.
Total volume of market services through all channels of sales includes also volume of services rendered to population by individuals.
Receipts from sales of forestry and construction materials sold to households at the places of their work are not included in the sale of services but included in retail trade turnover.
Sale of services is subdivided in the following groupings: everyday services (hairdresser’s, laundries, ritual ets.), passenger transportation services, communication services, housing and communal services, educational services, nurseries and similar preschool institutions services, tourist and sanatorium services, cultural services, medical services, physical culture and sport services, judicial services, services of banks, other services.
For Moldova for 2004-2005 volume of market services rendered to population is given excluding repair and technical services of transport means.
Volume indices of retail turnover and sales of market services rendered to population (including everyday ones) are computed by comparing the value of turnover (of market services) for accounting and base periods in constant prices; volume indices for long period as of certain base (for example as of 1991) are computed with the help of chained method i. e. by multipling annual indices.
Number of burses includes acting commodity burses, stock exchanges, burses of foreign currency, burses for transactions with real estate and other types of burses (except labour burses).
A burse is an enterprise which has a status of a legal entity participating in formation of the wholesale market of finished goods, raw materials, securities, foreign currency and other items by organizing and regulating trade in the form of open public trade transactions carried out according to the established rules.
Number of transactions carried out at burses - the number of documentally registered in accordance with the established rules contracts of sale-purchase between sellers and buyers.
Turnover of a burse refers to the overall value of transactions carried out during the accounting period; it is computed in prices existing at the moment of a transaction (excluding VAT) and refers to the total value of the items sold (commodities, securities, foreign currency, real estate objects and others).
De facto population - population made up of the persons staying in the given territory on census day, including temporary visitors. In the period between censuses the present population current estimate is made on the basis of census data and taking into account the information of current demographic events registration.
Resident population - population made up of the persons habitually living in the given territory, including residents temporarily absent. In the period between censuses the resident population current estimate is made on the basis of census data and taking into account the information of current demographic events registration.
Urban population - all residents of areas stated by legislative acts as cities (or towns), urban settlements, worker towns, resort and country settlements constitute the urban population.
Rural population - all residents of rural areas constitute the rural population. Settlements not classified as urban are considered to be rural.
Mid - year population is computed by averaging estimates as of the beginning and the end of a calendar year.
Average age of population – arithmetical mean of all its members’ ages.
Nationality – in the time of the census is registered according to the own application of the persons filling out the questionnaire, nationality of children - according to the parents’ application.
Natural increase of population - is the difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths during a certain period. It can have a positive sign if births exceed deaths or a negative sign if the opposite is true.
Natural increase rate is a difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate.
Crude birth rate is a rate measuring the frequency of childbearing in total population. It is calculated as the number of live births during the year divided by the mid-year population. It is frequently expressed as births per 1000 population.
Crude death rate is a rate measuring the frequency of deaths in population. It is calculated as the number of deaths during the year divided by the mid-year population. It is frequently expressed as deaths per 1000 population.
Infant mortality rate is a rate measuring the frequency of infant deaths. It is computed as a ratio of the number of deaths under one year of age to the number of live births. So long as there can be the infants born in the previous calendar year among the infants died in the current calendar year, this ratio for a given year is often computed to the infants born in the current calendar year and to the infants born in the previous calendar year.
Net migration - is the difference between the total number of persons arriving in a given area during a certain period and the total number of persons departing from it. Net migration can have a negative or a positive sign; the definition "net inmigration" is used when arrivals exceed departures, and "net outmigration" when the opposite is true. In the last case migration outflow takes place.
Information on migration is derived as a result of elaboration of documents of statistical accounting of arriving and departure given by the bodies of home affairs which are compiled when population register at place of residence. The notions “arrived” and “depatured” characterize migration with somewhat conventionality because one and the same person can change the place of residence several times during a given year. The main part of migrants are persons who change the place of residence whithin the limits of their country.
Population growth - the increase or decrease of population in a period. The annual growth is the difference of population estimates as of the beginning and the end of a calendar year. The population growth consists of the natural increase and net migration. If the excess deaths over births or emigrants over immigrants takes place then it can be population decline instead of growth.
Economically active population includes the total number of employed and unemployed securing supply of labour force for production of goods and services.
Number of employed includes both employees (irrespective whether it is permanent, temporal, seasonal, incidental, etc.) and self-employed persons in all sectors of economy. Thus, this category includes persons who are employed in public enterprises and organizations, in cooperatives of all types, in private enterprises and enterprises of mixed type of ownership, in farms and so forth, including those engaged in individual labour activities, in personal plots of households and employed by individuals (families) as domestic servants.
This category includes both persons who actually work and those temporarily absent from the work due to different reasons (illness, vacations, etc.).
Unemployed (in conformity with standards of International Labour Organization) are the persons of certain age level adopted by the national legislation for measuring economic activity (as a rule 15-16 years of age) which in the given period did not have any job, were seeking the job with the help of official employment services or individually and were prepared to start working immediately or during the period specified in legislation.