- •1. Phonetics as a science
- •2. Articulatory aspect of speech sounds
- •3. Acoustic aspect of speech sounds
- •4. Functional aspect of speech sounds
- •5. Methods of phonological analysis
- •6. Orthorgaphy and its principles
- •7. National language, national variants, dialects
- •8. American English as a national variety of the English language
- •9. Variations of pronunciation within orthoepic norms
- •10. Received Pronunciation. Classifications of main types
- •11. Received Pronunciation. Changes of vowel and consonant quality
- •12. Main differences between southern and northern dialects of England
- •13. Aspects of the phoneme
- •14. Allophones
- •15. Main trends in phoneme theory
- •16. Assimilation
- •17. Accommodation, elision and insertion of consonants
- •18. The problem of affricates
- •19. Classification of English consonant phonemes according to the manner of articulation
- •20. Classification of English consonant phonemes according to the place of articulation and active organ of speech
- •21. Classification of English consonant phonemes according to the degree of noise, work of vocal cords, force of articulation and position of the soft palate
- •22. Classification of English vowel phonemes according to the position of the tongue
- •23. Classification of English vowel phonemes according to the stability of articulation
- •24. Classification of English vowel phonemes according to the lip position, length, tenseness and character of vowel end
- •25. The phonemic status of English diphthongs and triphthongs
- •26. The unstressed vocalism of the English language
- •27. Accommodation and reduction of English vowels
- •28. Classification of syllables
- •29. Theories of the syllable
- •30. Rules of syllable division
- •31. Functions of the syllable
- •32. Word stress and its classification
- •33. English word accentuation tendencies
- •34. Functions of word stress
- •35. Interrelation of word stress and sentence stress
- •36. Voice pitch as one of the components of intonation
- •37. Sentence stress
- •38. Temporal and tambral components of intonation
- •39. The communicative function of intonation
- •40. Extralinguistic situation and its components
- •41. Classification of phonetic styles on suprasegmental level
- •42. Classification of phonetic styles on segmental level. Stylistic modifications of sounds
- •43. Style-modifying factors
- •44. Speech culture and speech etiquette
38. Temporal and tambral components of intonation
Voice tamber gives a certain emotional coloring to a sentence.
Tempo correlates with time during which a speech unit lasts: rate of speech and pausation.
Rate of speech: normal, slow (important parts), fast.
Pause - complete stop of intonation.
According to length:
- short (separate intonation groups within a phrase);
- longer (the end of the phrase);
- very long (separate bigger phonetic units - phonopassages).
According to the position in the utterance:
- final;
- non-final.
According to the function:
- syntactic (separate phonapassages),
- emphatic (make some parts of utterance especially prominent),
- hesitation (in spontaneous speech to gain some time to think over) - silent or filled.
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39. The communicative function of intonation
Communicative function = distinctive (phonological) + organizing + pragmatic + rhetorical + social.
Distinctive: I. can differentiate syntactic type of sentence (GQ, exclamation, command, request), attitudinal meaning (\detached, /involved, \/astonished), actual meaning.
Organizing: to structure the text, to delimitate it into smaller units and to tie them together, to highlight the most important information: new (rheme) and given (theme).
Pragmatic: use of I. with specific purpose (command-request, emphatic pauses).
Rhetorical: persuasion (repetition, wide range of pitch, tempo, small intonation groups).
Social: I. is a marker of personal and social identity (people of different professions can be identified through their distinctive prosody).
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40. Extralinguistic situation and its components
Purpose - the motor which directs the activity of the participants throughout the situation to complete a task: general activity (working, teaching, conducting a meeting, playing games) + specific subject matter (topic).
Participants: age (higher pitch level speaking to young children), sex (women produce more careful pronunciation), social status ('educated' and 'uneducated' speech).
Setting - activity the participants are engaged in: public speech and face-to-face interaction; formal and informal (repetition, ellipsis, speed and slurring).
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41. Classification of phonetic styles on suprasegmental level
Styles of speech according to the purpose of communication:
- informational;
- academic (scientific) - in lectures or when reading aloud a piece of scientific prose; purpose is to attract the listener's attention to what is the most important in the lecture;
- publicistic (oratorical) - politicians, to convince the listener of smth;
- declamatory (artistic) - reading poetry, prose aloud, in stage speech to appeal to the feelings of the listener;
- colloquial (familiar) - everyday communication b/w friends, wide range of intonation patterns.
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