Books for lectures / Gompert Signal Transd / Index

liver kinase type 1B, see LKB1

MAP kinases, 352–353

monomeric GTP-binding proteins,

liver X receptor, see LXR

MAP1B (microtube-associated

104–108

LKB1 (liver kinase type 1B), 564, 566

protein-1B), 590, 592

GTPases, 106, 106

Locke’s demonstration, 186

MARCKS (myristoylated alanine-rich

mutations of Ras, promoting

Loewi, Otto, 12, 13, 186

C-kinase substrate), 592

cancer, 106–107

lovastatin, 105

MARK2 (MAP/microtubule affinity-

post-translational modifications,

low-molecular-mass ligands, binding

regulated kinase-2), 590, 592

105

of, 61–63

mast cells, 211

Ras

LPS (lipopolysaccharide), 457, 486

mating factors, 113

functions of, 107

and endotoxin, 457

matuzumab, 743

subfamilies of, 101–102

and mucosa, 460

Mdm2, 402

Ras proteins, 101

acylation of, 457–458

MDR1 gene, 136

structure, 102–105

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 14

MDRs (multidrug resistance

Monosiga brevicollis, 771

Luchsinger, 17

transporters), 207

monostable switch, 84–86

luminous intensity, 168

me (motheaten allele), 654–655

monoubiquitylation, 349

luteinizing hormone, see LH

mev (viable motheaten allele), 655

Morgan, T. H., 699–702

LXR (liver X receptor), 279, 290

mechanoreceptors, 718

morula, 388

lymphocyte function-associated

mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma,

motheaten allele, see me

antigen-1, see LFA-1

529

MP-1 (MEK binding partner), 348, 360

lysergic acid diethylamide, see LSD

Medullarplatte, 618

MR (mineralocorticoid receptors), 276

MEK (MAP kinase-ERK kinase), 334

MSK (mitogen and stress-activated

M

MEK binding partner, see MP-1

kinase), 339, 360

MEK1 (MAPK ERK activating kinase-1),

mTOR

m2, 712

592, 755

domain architecture, 562

M2 sequences and pore, of nicotinic

metamorphosis, 716

regulation, 560

receptor, 52–53

metarhodopsin-II, see photo-excited

multidrug resistance transporters, see

m4, 712

rhodopsin

MDRs

Ma Huang, 4

Metchnikov, 452

multivesicular bodies, 778

mAb4D5, 744

metoprolol, 40

muscarine, 44, 45, 47

mAb225, 744

MH2, 610

muscarinic receptors, 42, 45–46, 46

MAC-1, 377

MHC (major histocompatibility

mustard gas, 737

macrochaetes, 718

complex), 514

myasthenia gravis, 43

MAD (Mothers against

mib, 713

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 51

decapentaplegic), 607, 629

microbial universe, sensing, 452–453,

MyD88, 455, 460

major histocompatibility complex,

454

MyoD, 709, 724

see MHC

microchaetes, 718

myosin II, 500

malignancy, 307

microcystins, 245

myosin light chain kinase, see MLCK

m , 712

microdomains, 214

myostatin, 600

Mam, 709

middle T-antigen, 316

myxoedema, 9

mammalian estrogen, 278

mineralocorticoid receptors, see MR

mammalian kinases, 244

Minkowski, Oscar, 544

N

mammalian MAP kinases, 335

Mira (miranda protein), 436

Mangold, Otto, 618

mitogen and stress-activated kinase,

N-ethylmaleimide, 72

MAP kinase-activated kinases (MK)

see MSK

N-Ras, 101

domain architecture, 340

MKK4 (MAP kinase kinase-4, 592

NAADP (nicotinic acid adenine

substrates, 339

MKK7 (MAP kinase kinase-7), 592

dinucleotide phosphate), 204,

MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP-1),

MLCK (myosin light chain kinase), 222,

205–206

664, 665

226, 228

structures, 204

MAP kinase phosphorylation motif,

MNK, 341–342

NADPH-oxidase complex, see NOX

337

molecular cloning, 39

NCAM (neuronal cell adhesion

MAP kinase-related proteins, 349–351

molecular switches, see G proteins

molecule), 377, 377, 378

MAP kinase scaffold proteins, 344–345

‘monkey glands’, 9

NEDD4, 469, 713

nerve cells, 215

noradrenaline, 22, 23, 38

Notch2, 724

nerve growth factor, see NGF

norepinephrine, see noradrenaline

novel PKC isoforms, 255

NES (nuclear export sequence), 519

Notch effectors, molecular structure

NOX (NADPH-oxidase complex), 650,

Neur, 713

and domain architecture of,

651

Neuregulin 1, see NRG1

711

NRG1 (Neuregulin 1), 332

neurites, 589

Notch, in Drosophila’s wings, 699

nrPTKs (non-receptor protein tyrosine

neurofibromin, 111, 142

activation, 707

kinases), 513–515, 514, 532

neuronal calcium sensors, 233–234

biological functions, in humans,

regulations, 532–535

neuropeptides, 24, 27

711–712

nuclear export sequence, see NES

neurotransmitter, 12, 27

destruction of Notch-icd, 712

nuclear export signals, 611

compounds acting as, 24

effector genes, of Notch

nuclear factor B, see NF-(B

ergot, 14–16

signalling, 709–711

nuclear factor of activated T cells, see

secretion, 236–237

transcription regulation, by

NFAT

neutral antagonists, 68

Notch intracellular domain,

nuclear import and export, 612–613

NF- B (nuclear factor B), 489, 490,

709

nuclear localization sequence, see NLS

493, 518, 521

domain architecture, 704

nuclear pore proteins (NUP214), 608

NF1 gene, 111, 566

gene theory, 701

nuclear receptor ligands, structures

NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T

glycosylation of ligands and

of, 275

cells), 230, 518, 519, 519, 520

receptor, 706–707

orphan receptors and evolution,

NGF (nerve growth factor), 299–301

and JAK/STAT signal pathway, 726

278–279

Nicd, 709, 712, 721, 724

ligands, 703

phylogenetic tree of, 280

Nicot, Jacques, 44

Morgan, T. H., 699–702

nuclear receptors

Nicotiana tabacum, 44

Notch phenotype, appearance of,

activation and repression, of

nicotine, 44, 45, 47

700

transcription, 287

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, 28

Notch signaling pathway

coactivators, 287–288

nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide

activation of, 708

corepressors, 288–289

phosphate, see NAADP

components of, 705–706

regulatory networks, 289–290

nicotinic receptors, 42, 44–45, 46–49

Notch transcriptional complex, 710

transrepression, 289

architecture, 50

receptor, 703–706

DNA binding, 284

ligand binding and channel

endocytosis of, 715

response elements, recognizing,

opening, 53, 54

intracellular trafficking, 716

285–287

M2 sequences and pore, 52–53

and ligand trafficking, 712

domains of, 281

receptor desensitization, 54

and sensory progenitor cells of

intracellular hormone receptors

subunit structure, 51–52

Drosophila, 716

discovery of, 274–277

without ligand structure, 50

bristle-containing sensory organ

and ligands

nifedipine, 208

development, 720–721

non-transcriptional actions of,

nitric oxide (NO) synthase, 223,

cross-talk, 722–724

292

232–233

intestinal stem compartment

nomenclature, 280, 281

NLS (nuclear localization sequence),

maintenance, 722

receptor structure and ligand

519

mechanoreceptors development,

binding, 281

NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid),

on thorax and wing, 717–719

cytosol-resident receptors,

55, 209

notch and disease, 724–725

activation of, 282–284

N-methyl-D-aspartic acid, see NMDA

Ras and Notch act, in vulva

ligand-binding domains,

nNOS, 232

development of C. elegans,

281–282

non-autonomous receptors, 318

726–727

signalling pathways, interaction

non-canonical signal transduction

and TGF signal pathway, cross-talk

with, 290

pathways, 438

between, 725

regulating transcription, 291

non-estrogenic steroids, 286

and Wnt pathway, cross-talk

ligand-independent activation,

non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases,

between, 725

291–292

see nrPTKs

Notch regulatory region (NRR), 707

phosphorylation, 290–291

non-viral oncogenes, 531–532

Notch signalling pathway, 705–706,

steroid hormones, isolation of

Noonan syndrome, 657

717

beginning, 274

origins, 273–274

p27KIP, 404, 405

peptide O-fucosyltransferase-1, see

superfamily, 277

p38, 493

OFUT1

orphan receptors and evolution,

p38 kinase, 350

pertussis toxins, 143–146, 145

278–279

p38-MAP kinase, 291

pertuzumab, 743

nucleotides, as metabolic regulators,

p47gag-crk, 325

Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, 564

81

p53, 309

Pfeiffer, Richard, 457

ATP, 82–83

p56lck, 517

PGE (prostaglandins), 2, 23, 26, 26, 70,

GTP-binding proteins/G proteins/

p62, 262

143, 544

GTPases, 83

p120, 108

PH domains, 775

Numb, 720, 721

p120GAP, 142

phenylephrine, 39

NURR1, 279

p130, 744

pheromone-induced mating

p210Bcr-Abl, 746

response, in yeast, 113–114,

O

p300/CBP, 288

114

PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid), 739

phorbol ester, 253, 581, 742

Obelia, 192

palindrome, 248

down-regulation by, 263–264

obesity, 647–650

p-aminobenzoic acid, see PABA

and inflammation, 265, 266

occludin, 382, 383

PAMS (pathogen-associated

phorbol myristate acetate (PMA/TPA),

Raf-1-mediated cell transformation,

molecular patterns), 453

structure of, 253

prevention of, 440

panitumab, 743

phosphatase inhibitor-1, see PP1

TGF I receptor, interacts with,

Par3 (partioning defective protein-3),

phosphatidic acid, 263

439–440

592

phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)

oestrin, 274

Par6 (partitioning defective protein-

trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3), 547

oestriol, 274

6), 592

phosphatidylinositol phosphate

oestrogens, 4, 27, 274

paracrine, 25

kinases (PIPkins), 545

OFUT1 (peptide O-fucosyltransferase-

Paramecium multimicronucleatum, 4

phosphatidylinositol, see PI

1), 706, 707, 729

parathyroid hormone (PTH), 22

phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate,

okadaic acid, 245, 672

PARs (proteinase-activated receptors),

545

olfaction, 176

65

phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate,

olfactory receptor cells, 177–178

partial agonists, 67, 85

545

olfactory receptors, 178–179

parvalbumin, 222

phosphodiesterases, see PDEs

olfactory signals, transduction of,

pathogen-associated molecular

phosphoinositide, 545

179–181

patterns, see PAMS

phosphoinositide 3-kinases, 543

oncogenes

pathway switching

phosphoinositide-binding domains,

non-viral oncogenes, 531–532

and metastatic progression of

774, 775

viral oncogenes, 530–531

colorectal cancer, 357

phosphoinositide formation and

Orai, 211

by receptor phosphorylation,

metabolism, 235

Orai1, 211

354–356

phospholipase A2, see PLA2

organotherapy, 9

by transactivation, 356–357

phospholipase C, see PLC

orphan receptors, 278–279

paxillin, 387, 400

phospholipase D, see PLD

outside-in signalling, from integrin

PB1 (Phox Bem1 domain), 591

phospholipase family, 147

adhesion complexes, 398, 400

PC12 cells, 107

PLA2 and PLD, 147

oxytocin, 23, 28

pCAF, 288

PLC, 148

oxytocin receptor, 28

PDEs (phosphodiesterases), 141

phosphoinositides, 545

PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor),

phosphorylase b kinase, 223

P

25, 303–304, 305, 321, 556

phosphorylase kinase, 226

PDK1 (3-phosphoinositide-dependent

and glycogen synthase kinase,

P-glycoprotein, 136, 142

protein kinase-1), 593

227

P-selectin, 393, 493

PDP (pyruvate dehydrogenase

phosphorylation, 99–100, 290–291

P-site inhibitors, 137

phosphatase), 622, 674

cadherin core complex, 433

p15INK4b, 613, 614

PDZ domains, 776

regulating transcription, 291

p21CIP1, 613, 614

Penicillium wortmannii, 549

regulation of adenylyl cyclase,

p27KIP1, 744

The Pentacle of Rejuvenescence, 8

141–142

phosphorylation and

pIIa, 720

diacylglycerol kinases, 263

dephosphorylation

pIIb, 720

phorbol ester and inflammation,

cyclic AMP, and amplification of

pilocarpine, 16, 17

265, 266

signals, 245–246

pindolol, 68

phorbol esters, down-regulation by,

protein kinase A, 246–248

Pirenne, 160

263–264

actions of cAMP not mediated

pirenzepine, 45

phosphatidic acid, 263

by, 251–252

PIX-b (PAK-interacting exchange

PKC signalling complexes,

and activation of ERK, 250–251

factor-b), 593

264–265

and regulation of transcription,

PKA (protein kinase A), 39, 246–248,

RACKs, 260–261

248–250

291

substrates interacting with PKC, in

protein kinase C, 253

actions of cAMP not mediated by,

its inactive states, 261

activation of, 258–266

251–252

pkc1, 255

family, 254–255

and activation of ERK, 250–251

pkc2, 255

structural domains and

and regulation of transcription,

pkc3, 255

activation of, 255–258

248–250

PLA2 (phospholipase A2), 147

protein phosphorylation, as

PKB (protein kinase B), 526, 543

‘planar cell polarity’ (PCP) pathway,

switch in cellular functioning,

activation, 400, 554

436

243–245

through PI(3,4,5)P3, 550–554

plasma membrane, 2–3

phosphorylation

FAK-mediated activation of,

Ca2 influx through, 208–209

activation segment, 785

400–403

lipid rafts, 522–523

and formation of receptor

to glycogen synthase, 557

plasma membrane Ca2 ATPase, see

signalling complexes, 322

from insulin receptor, 554–557

PMCA

phosphotyrosine, 316–317

PKB/Akt, 291, 526, 551, 566

platelet-derived growth factor, see

photo-adaptation, 169

PKB , activation of, 553

PDGF

photo-excited rhodopsin, 170

PKC (protein kinase C), 34, 223, 253,

PLC (phospholipase C), 46, 141, 223,

photoaffinity, 52

291, 577, 742

147–153

photons, 160

activation by Cdc42, 587

inositol phospholipids, signalling

photoreceptor cells, 163–167

activation of, 258–266

role for, 147

cyclic GMP, 166–167

cell polarity regulation, 585

isoenzymes of, 148–150

dark current and signal

in cell transformation, 577-585

membrane-association of, 152

amplification, 166

family of, 254–255

phospholipase family, 147

rod cells, 163–166

isoforms, 254

phospholipase C (PLC), 148

photoreceptors

differential localization, 260

PLA2 and PLD, 147

mechanisms, 161

signalling complexes, 264–265

PLC , 150

photoreceptor cells, 163–167

structural domains and activation

regulation of, 151–153

sensitivity of, 160–161, 162

of, 255

PLC- 1

phototransduction, 159

C1 domain, 256

to NF- B pathway, 521

in invertebrates, 174–176

C2 domain, 256–257

to NFAT, 519–520

phylogenetic analysis, 59

C3 and C4 domains, 257

PLC , G-protein-coupled activation of,

physostigmine, see eserine

pseudosubstrate ( ) and

151–152

PI (phosphatidylinositol), 147, 148

pseudoRACK, 258

PLC , 150

PI 3-K, 566

turn and C-terminal motifs,

PLC , regulation of, 152–153

PI(3,4,5)P3, 546

257–258

PLC , 153, 323, 325, 518

PI(4,5)P2, 774

structure of, 256

PLC –PKC signal transduction

PI-3-kinase pathway, 754

PKC- , 581

pathway, 326–327

PI3-kinase, 353, 546

PKC- 1, 584

PLD (phospholipase D), 147

family, 547

PKC- , 584

pleckstrin, 775

multiple pathways, 552

PKC- , 581

PMA (phorbol myristate acetate), 253,

in protein synthesis activation, 559

PKC- , 584

265, 593, 742

role, 549–550

PKC-binding proteins, 262

PMCA (plasma membrane Ca2

PIAS (protein inhibitors of activated

atypical PKCs, proteins interacting

ATPase), 229

STATs), 529

with, 262–263

polyisoprene, 754

polypeptide modules binding Ca2 ,

PTPs in signal transduction, 646

protein phosphorylation

224, 779

CD45 and immune cell function

as switch in cellular functioning,

polyubiquitylation, 349, 714

regulation, 658–660

243–245

polyunsaturated fatty acid, 26

diabetes, 647–650

protein tyrosine kinases, see PTKs

POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin), 4, 650

obesity, 647–650

protein tyrosine phosphatases, 642,

PP1 (phosphatase inhibitor-1), 231,

PTP1B, 647–650

645, 646

250, 672

reactive oxygen species (ROS),

cytosolic PTPs, 644–645

regulatory subunits of, 676–679

650–653

transmembrane receptor-like PTPs,

in glycogen metabolism regulation,

receptor PTPs, regulating,

645

679–682

660–661

tyrosine specificity and catalytic

PP1G, 557

SHP-1 and SHP-2, 653–658

mechanism, 645–646

PP2A, 346–347, 679

serine/threonine phosphatases, 671

proteinase-activated receptors, see

PP2B, 679, 682

classification, 672

PARs

PP5, 671, 673, 675, 679

dephosphorylation, of NFAT,

proto-oncogene products, 101

PPAR, 278

683–688

protoendocrinologists, 5–10

PPM1A, 622

domain architecture, 673

protohormones, 3–5

structure, 623

PP1, in glycogen metabolism

pseudosubstrate and pseudoRACK,

PPP, 671, 672, 673, 675–679

regulation, 679–682

258

PPxY motif, 608, 617

PP2B, 682

PTB (phosphotyrosine-binding)

PR (progesterone receptors), 276,

PPPs, regulation of, 673–679

domain, 325, 327, 556,

284, 290

protein domains and signal

771–773, 772

practolol, 40, 41

transduction, 763

PTEN, 560, 565, 566, 668–671

pravastatin, 105

binding phosphotyrosines

PTKs (protein tyrosine kinases)

pregnane X receptor, see PXR

and signalling complexes

non-receptor, 513–515, 514

progesterone, 4, 23, 28, 87, 274

assembly, 324–325

receptors, 315–357

progesterone receptors, see PR

evolution and shuffling, 764–765

PTP1B, 642, 646, 647, 647–650

prolactin receptors, 515

examples

PTPs in signal transduction, 646

prontosil rubrum, 739

PTB domains, 771–773

CD45 and immune cell function

pro-opiomelanocortin, see POMC

SH2 domains, 768–771

regulation, 658–660

propranolol, 39, 40, 62, 68

functions

diabetes, 647–650

prospero protein, 436

catalytic domains, 766

obesity, 647–650

prostaglandins, see PGE

protein interaction domains,

PTP1B, 647–650

proteasome activator (PA) subunits,

766–767

reactive oxygen species (ROS),

474

inventory, 767

650–653

proteasome complex, 467, 471

classification, 767–768

receptor PTPs, regulating, 660–661

proteasome activator (PA) subunits,

detection, 767

SHP-1 and SHP-2, 653–658

474

modular structure, 763

puc, 666

20s particle, 472–473

sequence homology and function

pumps, 136

protein A, 486–487

acquisition, 765

purine based neurotransmitters, 24

protein dephosphorylation and

structural domains, 762–764

purine nucleotides, 81

protein phosphorylation, 641

protein inhibitors of activated STATs,

purine pathway to chemotherapy,

dual specificity phosphatases, 661

see PIAS

739

DS-MKP, regulation of, 662–667

protein kinase A, see PKA

PX domains, 769, 775, 777, 778

domain architecture, 663

protein kinase C, see PKC

PXR (pregnane X receptor), 282, 290

in development, 665–667

protein kinase domains, 782–783

pY530, 534

PTEN, 668–671

structural elements, 783

pyrimidine, 81

protein tyrosine phosphatases, 642

protein kinases A, 34

pyruvate dehydrogenase

cytosolic PTPs, 644–645

protein kinases activation, by ERKs 1

phosphatase, see PDP

transmembrane receptor-like

and 2, 337–342

PTPs, 645

protein kinases B/Akt

Q

tyrosine specificity and catalytic

classification, 552

mechanism, 645–646

protein phosphatase-1G (PP1G), 557

Quin2, 192, 192, 193

photo-excitation of, 170–171

Schäfer, Edward, 11

low-molecular-mass ligands,

RhoGEF, 91

SCN (suprachiasmic nucleus), 54

binding of, 61–63

Riam, 397, 398, 498

SCP phosphatases, 622

proteinase-activated receptors

RING, 469

Scrib (scribble homologue), 588

(PARs), 65

Ringer, Sydney, 185, 186, 253

scute, 717, 719, 720

receptor diversity, 59–60

RIP1, 492

second messenger, 34, 131, 166, 323

7TM receptor-linked -arrestins, 348

Ritossa, Ferruccio, 283

discovery, 185–187

7TM superfamily, of G-protein-linked

RKIP (Raf-kinase inhibitory protein),

secretin, 10, 21, 22

receptors, 55–58

348, 581, 593

Secundus, Gaius Plinius, 7

Sf9 insect cells, 67, 117

RNA polymerase I, 343

‘segment polarity genes’, 420

SH2 domain, 150, 153, 324, 325, 327,

RNA polymerase II, 343

selectins, 392–395

333, 514, 529, 534, 547, 748,

RNA polymerase III, 343

domain structure, 394

768–771, 772

ROCK (RhoA coiled-coil kinase), 436

Selye, Hans, 27

SH3 domain, 325, 327, 332, 514, 534,

rod cells, 163–166, 164

sensory organ development, from

547, 748, 766, 773–774

Rodbell, Martin, 1

proneural clusters, 719

shibire (shi), 713

ROS (reactive oxygen species),

sensory organ precursor (SOP) cell,

Shlaer, 160

650–653

718

SHP-1, 528, 653–658

Rous, Francis Peyton, 299

SERCAs (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic

SHP-2, 528, 653–658

RSK, 338

reticulum Ca2 ATPases), 190,

sialyl Lewis, 394

RSV (Rous sarcoma virus), 299, 317,

213

SIGLECs (sialic acid binding Ig-like

742

serine esterases, inhibitors of, 43

lectin proteins), 380–382

RSVH1 (Rous sarcoma oncogene v-Src

serine/threonine kinases, signalling

signal transduction, 1, 2

product), 530

through receptor, 599

different points of view, 1

RXR (retinoid X receptor), 278, 278,

accessory and pseudo receptors,

hormones

282

605-607

definition, 10–12

ryanodine, 200

Drosophila, Caenorhabitidis, Smad,

evolution, and history, 2–10

RyRs (ryanodine receptors), 200, 201,

downstream signalling, 607

meaning, 1

237

TGF family, growth factors of, 599

neurotransmitters, 12

serine/threonine phosphatases, 671

ergot, 14–16

S

classification, 672–674

receptors and ligands, 16–17

dephosphorylation, of NFAT,

signal transmission

S6 protein kinases, 559

683–688

and intracellular 7TM receptor

S6K, 338

domain architecture, 673

domains, 73

S6K1, 561, 562, 566

PP1, in glycogen metabolism

signaling hormones, emergence of, 3

S17N, 107

regulation, 679–682

signalling pathways, interaction with,

S49 cells, 88

PP2B, 682

290

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 111, 113,

PPPs, regulation of, 675–679

ligand-independent activation,

344

serotonin, 5, 22, 26

291–292

Saccharomyces pombe, 244

Serrate, 703, 713

phosphorylation, 290–291

Sakmann, Bert, 48, 49

Serratia marcescens, 488

regulating transcription, 291

salbutamol, 39, 40

Serum glucocorticoid responsive

signalling pathways, operated by

salvarsan, 736–737

kinase (SGK1), 551

receptor protein tyrosine

SAPK, 349–350

sev (sevenless), 329, 329

kinases, 315

SARA (SMAD anchor for receptor

seven transmembrane (7TM) protein,

beyond ERK, 337–348

activation), 608, 611

28, 45

branching, 325–337

sarcoma, 299

7TM receptor, 55, 58, 58

complications, reasons for, 348–354

sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum

adhesion receptor subfamily, 65–66

phosphotyrosine, spotting,

Ca2 ATPases, see SERCAs

calcium sensors and metabotropic

316–317

sarcoplasmic reticulum, see SR

receptors, 63–64

switching

sarin, 44, 54

classification of, 60

and metastatic progression of

scaffold proteins, 344

ERK activation, 354–357

colorectal cancer, 357

schizophrenia, 68

frizzled, 66

and transactivation

signalling pathways, operated by

Spemann, Hans, 618

sulphanilamide, 739

receptor protein tyrosine

Spiegl, Fritz, 274

SUMO and sumoylation, 471

kinases (continued)

Split, 709

superoxide, 652

by receptor phosphorylation,

Spätzle, 455

suppressor of hair, 719

354–356

SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum), 200

Sutherland, Earl, 34, 131, 134

by transactivation, 356–357

Src, 406

SV-40, 530, 531

tyrosine kinase-containing

Src family, 533

swaying, 420–421

receptors, 318–325

SRC-1, 288

SxS motif, 608, 609, 613

tyrosine phosphorylation, 317–318

St Anthony, 14

synaptotagmin, 223, 234, 237, 780

v-Src and protein tyrosine kinases,

St Hilarion, 176

synthetic antagonists, 39

317

St Jerome, 176

simvastatin, 105

St Vitus dance, 14

T

single rod cells, detecting light

stability constant K, 188

responses in, 162

Staphylococcus aureus, 486

T cell receptor, 395, 467, 515, 516

6-mercaptopurine, 739

Starling, Ernest Henry, 10

T lymphocyte receptor, 514

skeletal muscle, 214–215

STAT transcription factors, direct

signalling, 515–523

initiation of contraction in, 237–239

phosphorylation of, 353, 354

T lymphocytes, 205, 515, 516

SKIP, 709

STAT1, 525, 526

tacrolimus, 230, 683

SLP-76, 519

STAT2, 525

Takamine, Jokichi, 11

Smad phosphatases, 621-623

STAT3, 616

talin, 261, 385

Smad proteins, 603, 608

STAT5, 654–655

TATA binding protein, see TBP

activation and nuclear

STATs, 525–256, 529–530

TATA box, 287

translocation, 612

STE, 244

T RI, 605

as integrators of signal pathways,

STE18, 113

TBP (TATA binding protein), 287

616–617

STE2, 113, 119

TCF (T cell factor) family, 423–424

linker region, 617

STE3, 113

Tcf-binding elements (TBE), 614

molecular structure and domain

STE4, 113

telomere, 308, 309

architecture, 609

STE5, 344

ternary complex factor, 342

multiple roles in signal

stem cell compartment maintenance,

testis receptors (TR2 & TR4), 279

transduction, 608

434–435

testosterone, 4

with Tcf/ -catenin, 612

stem cells, asymmetric division of,

TGF (transforming growth factor), 23,

with TIF1 , 612

436, 437

304–305

Smad transcriptional complexes,

steroid cortisol, 27

TGF 1, 439–440, 601, 603

613–614

steroid hormone receptors, 278

TGF , 305–306, 603, 605, 625–626, 627

Smad–Smad complexes, 611-612

steroid hormones, isolation of

TGF -2, 601, 605

SMAD1/SMAD4, 621

beginning, 274

theophylline, 32, 33, 143

smooth muscle contraction, 239

origins, 273–274

thiovulum, 187

SMRT, 289

steroids, 3

3-phosphorylated inositol lipids, 401,

SMURF1 (Smad ubiquitylation

Stevens, Nettie, 701

544, 778

regulatory factor-1), 631

stilboestrol, 274

3-phosphorylated inositol

SMURF2 (Smad ubiquitylation

stim (stromal interaction molecule),

phospholipids, 566–567

regulatory factor-2), 631

211–212

thrombin, 23, 65

Snail2, 625

Stolz, 12

thrombospondin, 625

SOCE, sensors activating, 211–213

Streptomyces, 191

thromboxanes, 26

SOCS1 (suppressors of cytokine

Streptomyces hygroscopius, 565

thyroid hormone

signalling-1), 529

Streptomyces lividans, 51

thyroid hormone, 23, 27, 274

SODD (silencer of DD), 489, 490

stromal interaction molecule, see stim

thyroid hormone receptors, 278

somatomedins 1 and, 2, 23

Strychnos toxifera, 45

thyroid stimulating hormone, see TSH

somatostatin, 23, 248

Sturtevant, A. H., 701

thyrotropin-releasing hormone, see

somatotropin, 23

subcellular Ca2 changes, detecting

TRH

Sos protein, 330–331

and imaging, 195–196

tight junction proteins, 382

spare receptors, 32–33

substrate arginine (R201), 145

timolol, 68