- •Stylistic devices (sDs) and expressive means (eMs) in the English language
- •Isn't she cute? - She is very nice, isn't she.
- •Functional styles (fSs) of the English language
- •Different classifications of the fSs
- •Varieties of language.
- •The belles-lettres fs
- •The publicistic fs
- •The newspaper fs
- •The scientific fs
- •The official documents fs
- •Meaning as a stylistic category. Types of connotative meaning
- •Speak on lexical stylistic devices. Enumerate them
- •Epithet, oxymoron and metonymy
- •Antonomasia, periphrasis and hyperbole
- •Its frequent use is characteristic of the publicistic style.
- •Understatement, irony, zeugma and pun
- •In oral speech irony is made prominent by emphatic intonation, mimic and gesticulation. In writing the most typical signs are inverted commas or italics.
- •Stylistic potential of phraseological units. Allusion
- •Violation of phraseological units can be realized in the author’s intrusion into the unit. E.G. “… it took a desperate, ungovernable, frantic hold of him.” (the original variant is – to take hold of )
- •Very often violation of a phraseological unit takes place in proverbs and sayings, most of which are set phrases and fusions.
- •Speak on syntactical stylistic devices. Enumerate them
- •Inversion, detached constructions and elliptical constructions
- •Apokoinu, aposiopesis
- •In poetry it helps meet the requirements of the rhythm: I bring him news will raise his drooping spirits.
- •Anaphora, epiphora and framing
- •Anadiplosis, parallelism and chiasmus
- •Synonymic repetition, syntactical tautology and gradation (climax)
- •Is there not blood enough upon your penal code?” (Byron)
- •Antithesis, asyndeton and polysyndeton
- •I could see her applauding success. I could not so easily see her pitying and sympathizing with failure.
- •Rhetorical question and litotes
- •Speak on phonetic stylistic devices. Enumerate them
- •If the statement is harsh or conveys the idea of vitality, if it is energetic or tragic the phonetic aspect is expected to be in line with the idea expressed.
- •Onomatopoeia and rhythm
- •Rhythm and meter, types of rhyme, accented verse
- •It follows that compound rhyme is perceived in reading aloud, eye - rhyme can only be perceived in the written verse.
Speak on phonetic stylistic devices. Enumerate them
Stylistic approach to phonetic resources. The stylistic approach to the utterance is not confined to its structure and sense. There is another thing to be taken into account which in a certain type of communication plays an important role. This is the way a word, a phrase or a sentence sounds. The sound of most words taken separately will have little or no aesthetic value. It is in combination with other words that a word may acquire a desired phonetic effect. The way a separate word sounds may produce a certain euphonic effect, but this is a matter of individual perception and feeling and therefore subjective.
The theory of sense - independence of separate sounds is based on a subjective interpretation of sound associations and has nothing to do with objective scientific data. However, the sound of a word, or more exactly the way words sound in combination, cannot fail to contribute something to the general effect of the message, particularly when the sound effect has been deliberately worked out. This can easily be recognized when analyzing alliterative word combinations or the rhymes in certain stanzas or from more elaborate analysis of sound arrangement. Phonetic expressive means and devices are used for the purpose of producing a certain acoustic effect, giving emphasis to the utterance and arousing emotions in the reader or the listener.
Phonetic SDs are additional EMs to increase the impact of the statement. They are a kind of musical accompaniment to the message.
Euphony
Alliteration
Assonance
Onomatopoeia
Rhythm meter
Rhyme
Euphony, alliteration and assonance
Euphony is the sound arrangement of the utterance which intensifies its logical meaning. The phonetic aspect of the word corresponds to the idea expressed. If the message is pleasant and mild, the mild and pleasant sounds increase the impression.
Ex. She is like a beautiful exotic flower that must be sheltered from bitter winds.
If the statement is harsh or conveys the idea of vitality, if it is energetic or tragic the phonetic aspect is expected to be in line with the idea expressed.
Ex. Isabel is infinitely good for me. I admire her more than any woman I’ve ever known. She has a wonderful brain and she is as good as she is beautiful. I respect her energy and her ambition. She was born to make success in life. I’m entirely unworthy of her.
The reverse euphony is cacophony which is a sense of strain and discomfort in pronouncing or hearing. An example of it is provided by the unspeakable combination of sounds found in R. Browning: Nor soul helps flesh now more than flesh helps soul.
Alliteration is a phonetic stylistic device which aims at imparting a melodic effect to the utterance. The essence of this device lies in the repetition of similar sounds, in particular consonant sounds, in close succession, particularly at the beginning of successive words: " The possessive instinct never stands still (J. Galsworthy) or, "Deep into the darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before" (E. A. Poe).
Alliteration, like most phonetic expressive means, does not bear any lexical or other meaning unless we agree that a sound meaning exists as such. But even so we may not be able to specify clearly the character of this meaning, and the term will merely suggest that a certain amount of information is contained in the repetition of sounds, as is the case with the repetition of lexical units.
Ex. She was a good business woman and you had to get up early in the morning to best her in the bargain.
The roots of alliteration are very deep in the English language. To know that we have only to look at idiomatic expressions or title of books:
Pride and prejudice
Barking dogs seldom bite
Let sleeping dogs lie
Beauty lies in loveless eyes
All roads lead to Rome
A penny saved is a penny gained
Alliteration is widely used in folklore, in proverbs, sayings, traditional pairs of words. In English belles-lettres style it is regarded as an emphatic phonetic means that aims at producing a strong melodic and emotional effect.
Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel in close succession: Ex.: Time and tide wait for no man.
Ex. For the moon never beans, without bringing me dreams of the beautiful Annabel Lee and the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes of the beautiful Annabel Lee.