- •Stylistic devices (sDs) and expressive means (eMs) in the English language
- •Isn't she cute? - She is very nice, isn't she.
- •Functional styles (fSs) of the English language
- •Different classifications of the fSs
- •Varieties of language.
- •The belles-lettres fs
- •The publicistic fs
- •The newspaper fs
- •The scientific fs
- •The official documents fs
- •Meaning as a stylistic category. Types of connotative meaning
- •Speak on lexical stylistic devices. Enumerate them
- •Epithet, oxymoron and metonymy
- •Antonomasia, periphrasis and hyperbole
- •Its frequent use is characteristic of the publicistic style.
- •Understatement, irony, zeugma and pun
- •In oral speech irony is made prominent by emphatic intonation, mimic and gesticulation. In writing the most typical signs are inverted commas or italics.
- •Stylistic potential of phraseological units. Allusion
- •Violation of phraseological units can be realized in the author’s intrusion into the unit. E.G. “… it took a desperate, ungovernable, frantic hold of him.” (the original variant is – to take hold of )
- •Very often violation of a phraseological unit takes place in proverbs and sayings, most of which are set phrases and fusions.
- •Speak on syntactical stylistic devices. Enumerate them
- •Inversion, detached constructions and elliptical constructions
- •Apokoinu, aposiopesis
- •In poetry it helps meet the requirements of the rhythm: I bring him news will raise his drooping spirits.
- •Anaphora, epiphora and framing
- •Anadiplosis, parallelism and chiasmus
- •Synonymic repetition, syntactical tautology and gradation (climax)
- •Is there not blood enough upon your penal code?” (Byron)
- •Antithesis, asyndeton and polysyndeton
- •I could see her applauding success. I could not so easily see her pitying and sympathizing with failure.
- •Rhetorical question and litotes
- •Speak on phonetic stylistic devices. Enumerate them
- •If the statement is harsh or conveys the idea of vitality, if it is energetic or tragic the phonetic aspect is expected to be in line with the idea expressed.
- •Onomatopoeia and rhythm
- •Rhythm and meter, types of rhyme, accented verse
- •It follows that compound rhyme is perceived in reading aloud, eye - rhyme can only be perceived in the written verse.
The newspaper fs
English newspaper writing dates from the 17th century. The first of any regular English newspapers was the Weekly News which first appeared in May, 1622. The early English newspaper was principally a vehicle of information. Commentary found its way into the newspapers later. But as far back as the middle of the 18th century the British newspaper was very much like what it is today, carrying foreign and domestic news, advertisements, announcements and articles containing comments.
Not all the printed materials found in newspapers come under newspaper style. Only materials which perform the function of informing the reader and providing him with an evaluation of information published can be regarded as belonging to newspaper style. English newspaper style can be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by the community as a separate linguistic unity that serves the purpose of informing and instructing the reader. Information in the English newspaper is conveyed through the medium of:
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brief news items;
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press reports;
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articles purely informational in character;
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advertisements and announcements.
The function of Brief items: is to inform the reader. It states only facts without giving comments. The vocabulary used is neutral and common literary. Specific features are:
a) special political and economic terms;
b) non-term political vocabulary;
c) newspaper clichés;
d) abbreviations;
e) neologisms.
Headlines. The main function is to inform the reader briefly of what the news is to follow about. Syntactically headlines are very short sentences, interrogative sentences, nominative sentences, elliptical sentences, sentences with articles omitted, headlines including direct speech.
Advertisements and announcements. The function of advertisements and announcements is to inform the reader. There are two types of them: classified and non-classified. In classified the information is arranged according to the subject matter: births, marriages, deaths, business offers, personal etc.
The newspaper also seeks to influence public opinion on political and other matters. Elements of appraisal may be observed in the very selection and way of presentation of news, in the use of specific vocabulary, casting some doubt on the facts recorded, and syntactical constructions indicating a lack of assurance of the reporter or his desire to avoid responsibility. The principle vehicle of interpretation and appraisal is the newspaper article and the editorial in particular.
Editorial is a leading article which is characterized by a subjective handling of facts. This purpose defines the choice of language elements which are mostly emotionally colored.
Newspaper style has its specific vocabulary features and is characterized by an extensive use of:
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special political and economic terms (president, election);
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non-term political vocabulary (nation, crisis, agreement, member);
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newspaper clichés (pressing problem, danger of war, pillars of society);
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abbreviations (NATO, EEC);
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neologisms.