
Эконометрика. Тихомиров
.pdf

PUB2 |
Двое |
детей |
посещают |
В противном случае |
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государственную школу |
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PUB3 |
Трое |
детей |
посещают |
В противном случае |
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государственную школу |
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PUB4 |
Четверо детей посещают |
В противном случае |
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государственную школу |
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PUB5 |
Пятеро |
и |
более |
детей |
В противном случае |
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посещают |
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государственную школу |
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PRIV |
В семье есть дети (один |
В противном случае |
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или более), |
посещающие |
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частную школу |
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SCHOOL |
Респондент |
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работает |
В противном случае |
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учителем |
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(в |
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государственной |
или |
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частной школе) |
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YESVM |
Респондент |
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В противном случае |
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проголосовал «за» на |
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референдуме по вопросу |
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о введении |
местного |
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«школьного» налога |
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Кроме того, YEARS=количество лет, прожитых в Трое;
LogINC=натуральный логарифм годового дохода домашнего хозяйства, $;
PTCON=натуральный логарифм суммы годовых платежей по налогу на имущество, $. Информация о 95 респондентах представлена в табл. 10.4
Таблица 10.4
№ PUB PUB3 PUB5 PRIV YEARS SCHOOL Log INC PTCON YESVM
1&2 &4
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
1 |
09.770 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
13 |
0 |
09.4335 |
6.3969 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
1 |
10.021 |
7.2792 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
10.463 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.2793 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10.222 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
09.4335 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
30 |
0 |
09.770 |
6.3969 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
09.770 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.820 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
42 |
0 |
09.770 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
1 |
10.222 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
10.222 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
0 |
10.222 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
1 |
10.463 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
22 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
10.222 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
35 |
0 |
09.770 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
24 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.463 |
7.2793 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
16 |
0 |
10.021 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
1 |
7 |
0 |
10.463 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
1 |
09.770 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
0 |
09.770 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Продолжение табл. 10.4 |
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1 |
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2 |
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3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
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29 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
09.770 |
6.7452 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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30 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
10.222 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
10.021 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
09.4335 |
6.7452 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
33 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
08.294 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
34 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
0 |
10.463 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
35 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.222 |
7.2793 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
37 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.222 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
38 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
10.222 |
7.4955 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
39 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
10.222 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
42 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.820 |
7.4955 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
43 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
44 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
45 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
0 |
10.021 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
46 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
47 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
26 |
0 |
09.770 |
6.7452 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
48 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
18 |
0 |
10.222 |
7.4955 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
09.7700 |
6.7452 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
12 |
0 |
10.021 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
49 |
0 |
09.4335 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
53 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
0 |
10.463 |
7.2793 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
54 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
18 |
0 |
09.770 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
0 |
09.7700 |
5.9915 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
57 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
0 |
09.4335 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
58 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
09.770 |
6.3969 |
1 |
|
|
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|
|
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Продолжение табл. 10.4 |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
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|
59 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.021 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
60 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
10.463 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
61 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
62 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
0 |
10.820 |
7.2793 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
63 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
18 |
0 |
09.4335 |
6.7452 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
1 |
09.770 |
5.9915 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
65 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
14 |
0 |
08.9227 |
6.3969 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
66 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
09.4335 |
7.4955 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
67 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
17 |
0 |
09.4335 |
6.7452 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
68 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
69 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
70 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
71 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
10.222 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
72 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
35 |
0 |
09.770 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
73 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.2793 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
74 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
0 |
09.770 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
75 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
12 |
0 |
09.770 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
76 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
0 |
10.222 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
77 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.463 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
78 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
25 |
0 |
10.222 |
6.7452 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
1 |
09.770 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
80 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
10.222 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
81 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.2793 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
82 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
10.463 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
83 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
09.770 |
7.0475 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
84 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
10.820 |
7.4955 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
85 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
6 |
0 |
08.9227 |
5.9915 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
86 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
0 |
09.770 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Окончание табл. 10.4
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
87 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
12 |
0 |
09.4335 |
6.3969 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
88 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
09.7700 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
89 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.021 |
6.7452 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
91 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.222 |
7.2793 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
92 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
1 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
93 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
10.021 |
7.0475 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
94 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
35 |
1 |
08.9227 |
5.9915 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
95 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
10.463 |
7.4955 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Требуется:
1. Оценить параметры следующей модели:
Prob(YESVM=1)=F(PUB1&2, PUB3&4, PUB5, PRIV, YEARS, SCHOOL,
LogINC, PTCON)
cиспользованием МНК, Probit- и Logit-процедур.
2.Рассчитать на основе модели, оцененной с помощью МНК, прогноз вероятности для каждого из респондентов проголосовать “за” введение местного школьного налога. Определить для скольких случаев прогнозное значение выходит за рамки интервала от 0 до 1.
ГЛАВА XI. МЕТОДЫ ОЦЕНКИ ПАРАМЕТРОВ НЕЛИНЕЙНЫХ ЭКОНОМЕТРИЧЕСКИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ
11.1. Особенности оценки параметров нелинейных моделей
Нелинейная модель, а точнее нелинеаризуемая форма основного уравнения эконометрической модели, создает существенные трудности при оценке значений ее параметров. Кроме того, некоторые проблемы в этом случае возникают и при определении характеристик качества построенных вариантов модели, включая и показатели точности найденных значений их параметров. В основном появление этих (и некоторых других) проблем обусловлено невозможностью получения решения задачи оценивания параметров в аналитическом виде, как это имело место а случае линейных эконометрических моделей.
Поясним происхождение этих проблем на примере двухфакторной нелинейной модели следующего вида:



