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Сборник лекций по общей теории относительности(С. Н. Вергелес)
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n > 0 |
p ∂X |
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∂X |
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n = 1 |
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∂X |
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Rn |
Sn n |
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L |
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L = { (x, y) R2 : −10 ≤ x ≤ +10, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1 } |
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L |
(10, y) (−10, −y) |
−1 ≤ y ≤ +1 |
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ω |
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X ω |
ω |
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R |
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, x1 |
, . . . , xn |
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X |
G Rn |
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ω |
(x , . . . , x ) |
ω = ω(x) d x1 . . . d xn
ZZ
ω = ω(x) d x1 . . . d xn
XG
(X , x1′ , . . . , xn′ )
G′ Rn |
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(x1′ , . . . , xn′ ) |
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ω = ω(x(x′)) det ∂x′ d x1 . . . d xn |
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∂x |
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ZX |
ω = ZG′ |
ρ(x(x′)) |
det ∂x′ |
d x1 |
d x2 |
. . . d xn |
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∂x |
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det (∂x/∂x′) > 0 |
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X |
X |
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Xα |
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X = Xα , |
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Xα ∩ Xβ = , α 6= β, |
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Xα |
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Z |
Xα |
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X |
Z |
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ω = |
iαω, |
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α |
Xα |
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i : Xα −→ X |
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X |
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X |
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∂X |
X i : ∂X −→ X |
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ω (n − 1) |
X
Z
i ω
∂X
Z
ω
∂X
ZZ
d ω = ω.
X∂X
X
(X , x1, . . . , xn)
(x1)2 + . . . + (xn)2 < a2.
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X |
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x˜1, x˜2, x˜3, . . . , x˜n |
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= x1 − ϕ(ρ), x2, x3, . . . , xn |
, x1 > 0, |
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x˜1′ , x˜2′ |
, x˜3′ , . . . , x˜n′ |
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x1 |
− |
ϕ(ρ), x2 |
, x3, . . . , xn |
, x1 |
< 0, |
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− |
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2 |
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n 2 |
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ρ |
2 |
= ( |
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2 |
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p |
2 |
− |
2 |
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1′ |
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. . . (x ) , ϕ(ρ) = a |
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ρ |
x˜ = x − ϕ(ρ) = 0, x˜
∂X |
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= −x1 − ϕ(ρ) = 0. |
x˜ |
1 |
1′ |
X |
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x˜ |
X
i i′ |
X |
(n − 1) |
n |
n
ω = X ρl(x) d x1 . . . dˆxl . . . d xn.
i=1
dxl
ω= ω(x) d x2 . . . d xn
d ω = ∂ω d x1 d x2 . . . d xn ∂x1
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ϕ(ρ) |
∂ω |
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ZX d ω = Z0≤ρ≤a d x2 |
. . . d xn Z−ϕ(ρ) d x1 |
= |
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∂x1 |
Z
= d x2 . . . d xn ω(ϕ(ρ), x2, . . . , xn) − ω(−ϕ(ρ), x2, . . . , xn) .
0≤ρ≤a
i ω = ω(ϕ(ρ), x2, . . . , xn) d x2 d x3 . . . d xn, i′ ω = −ω(−ϕ(ρ), −x˜2, . . . , x˜n) d x˜2 d x˜3 . . . d x˜n,
(x2, x3, . . . , xn) (˜x2, x˜3, . . . , x˜n)
Z Z
(i ω + i′ ω) = ω(ϕ(ρ), x2, . . . , xn) − ω(−ϕ(ρ), x2, . . . , xn) d x2 . . . d xn,
∂X ρ<a
X |
Xα |
Rn
∂Xα1 ∂Xα2
∂X
n = 1
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Z |
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X |
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f = ε(p) f(p) |
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p |
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X |
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n = 1 |
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ZX df = f(b) − f(a) , |
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(6.10) |
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a |
b |
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n = 1 |
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n |
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m |
Y |
Y i : X −→ Y |
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ω |
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(n − 1) |
1′
i ω |
ω |
1′
R3
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: T01X −→ T11X |
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X T01X |
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f T00X |
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(fX) = d f X + f X. |
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1 |
d f T10X |
X |
(1, 1) |
d f |
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X T1 X |
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X |
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p X |
X1 |
X2 |
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X1 |
X2 |
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p |
X1 = X2 |
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U |
p |
φ |
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φ(X2 − X1) |
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W U |
p |
U |
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X |
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[φ(X2 − X1)] = d φ (X2 − X1) + φ (X2 − X1) = 0
X
φ (X2 − X1) = 0 −→ (X2 − X1)|W = 0 −→ (X2 − X1)|U = 0.
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Uα |
X |
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Uα |
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U |
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n |
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eA = eAi (x) |
∂ |
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A = 1, . . . , n, |
det eAi (x) 6= 0. |
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∂xi |
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X T01X |
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U |
eA |
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X|U = X |
A |
eA|U = X |
A i ∂ |
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∂ |
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eA |
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= X |
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∂xi |
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∂xi |
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Xi = eAi XA, XA = eiAXi, eiAeBi = δBA. |
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{Xi} |
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X |
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{∂/∂xi} |
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{eA} |
XA |
d xi |
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d xi′ = ∂xi′ /∂xi d xi |
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p X |
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ixi |
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q X |
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ωA |
(x + d x ) |
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ωA = eiA d xi. |
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ωA(X) = eiA d xi(X) = eiAXi = XA. |
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X |
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n2 |
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{d xi eB ; 1 ≤ A, i ≤ n} |
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T1 |
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A = 1, ..., n |
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eA = ωAiB d xi eB, |
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ωAiB (x) |
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U |
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{d xi eB } |
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eA = ωAB eB , ωAB = ωAiB d xi Ω1U |
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|U |
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ωAB |
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X = XAeA
X = (d XA + ωBAXB ) eA ≡ XA eA.
U′
{eA′ }
eA′ = ωAB′′ eB′ |
U′, |
eA′ = φA′ eA, eA = φA′ eA′ , eA′ |
= φA′ eA, φA′ φA′ |
= δA, |
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A B |
B |
X = XAeA = XA′ eA′ −→ XA′ = φAA′ XA |
U ∩ U′. |
eA′ = d φAA′ eA + φAA′ eA = d φAA′ eA + φBA′ ωBA eA = = d φAA′ + φBA′ ωBA φBA′ eB′ .
ωAB′′ = φBA′ φBA′ ωBA + φBA′ d φAA′ .
UU′
U ∩ U′ |
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U ∩ U′ |
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{Uα} |
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X |
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α |
ω |
(α)A |
Uα |
α α |
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B |
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Uα ∩ Uα′ |
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α |
ω(α)A |
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B |
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Uα |
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A′ |
A |
B A′ |
A |
A′ A B |
A′ |
A |
A′ |
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XA′ |
= d XA′ |
+ ωA′′ XB′ |
= d |
φAA′ XA + φAA′ |
φBC |
′ ωCA + φCA′ |
d |
φBC′ |
φBB′ XB = |
= d φA X + φA d X + φA ωB X − d φA X = φA X .
φCB′ φBB′ = δBC −→ d φCB′ φBB′ = −φCB′ d φBB′ ,
(6.11) |
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(a, b) |
{eA} |
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. . . φA′a T B1...Bb . |
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T B′1 |
...B′b |
= φB1 |
. . . φBb φA′1 |
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A1...A a |
B1 |
Bb A1 |
Aa A1...Aa |
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T i1...ib j1...ja
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eA′ |
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∂/∂xi |
φBB′ → eBi , φAA′ → eiA, |
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= ei1 |
. . . eib |
eA1 . . . eAa T B1...Bb . |
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Bb |
j1 |
ja |
A1...Aa |
X |
Y |
{eA} |
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X Y |
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X Y A = Xi |
∂Y A |
≡ Xi iY A −→ |
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+ ωBiA Y B |
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∂xi |
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∂Y A |
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−→ iY A |
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+ ωBiA Y B . |
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∂xi |
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X Y |
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X = ∂/∂x |
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Y T01X |
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i
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if(x) ≡ |
∂f(x) |
≡ ∂if(x), f F X . |
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∂xi |
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X |
Y |
{YA} |
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{eA} |
XA |
f = XAYA |
∂i XAYA = iXA YA + XA iYA
iYA = ∂iYA − ωAiB YB.
X
TAB...... |
( iT )AB...... |
ω··i
iTAB...... = ∂iTAB...... + ωCiB TAC...... + . . . |
− ωAiC TCB...... + . . . |
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i(T T ′ T ′′) = iT T ′ T ′′ + T iT ′ T ′′ + T T ′ iT ′′.
T B... ≡ T B... , ∂ T B... ≡ T B... . i A... A... ;i i A... A... ,i
i ∂ |
∂ |
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eA |
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→ |
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d x → d x , ωBk d x |
→ jk d x , |
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∂xi |
∂xi |
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Tji...... ;k = Tji...... ,k + lki Tjl...... + . . . − jkl |
Tli...... + . . . . |
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φAA′ → |
∂xi |
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∂xi′ |
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∂xi′ ∂xj |
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∂xi′ |
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∂xi |
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ji ′k′ d xk |
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jki |
d xk |
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∂xi |
∂xj′ |
∂xi |
∂xj′ |
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d xk = (∂xk/∂xk′ ) d xk′ |
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∂xi′ ∂xj ∂xk |
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∂xi′ |
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∂2xi |
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ji ′k′ |
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jki + |
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∂xi |
∂xj′ |
∂xk′ |
∂xi |
∂xj′ ∂xk′ |
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X |
g(X, X) R, X T01X |
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U |
X = XAeA |
X {eA} |
g(X, X) = gAB(x)XA(x)XB (x), gAB = gBA,
∂/∂xi
d xk′
![](/html/2706/30/html_KpqoobZrdI.U3eO/htmlconvd-Bpd7p930x1.jpg)
gAB(x)
xi |
gAB |
{gAB (x)} |
(2, 0) |
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g(X, X) |
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X = XAeA Y = Y AeA |
g(X, Y ) = 12{g(X + Y, X + Y ) − g(X, X) − g(Y, Y )}
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g(X, Y )(x) = gAB(x)XA(x)Y B(x) = gij(x)Xi(x)Y j (x). |
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X |
Y |
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X ·Y |
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XiYi Yi = gijY j |
XiY |
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gij = |
∂ |
· |
∂ |
= gji. |
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∂xi |
∂xj |
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XA |
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{XA} |
X |
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XA = gABXB , XA = gABXB , gACgCB = δAB
(a, b)
(a, b) |
(a + 1, b − 1) |
(a − 1, b + 1)
ωA
d s2 = gABωAωB = gAB eAi eBj d xi d xj = gij d xi d xj