Сборник лекций по общей теории относительности(С. Н. Вергелес)
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(U, h) |
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Sj1...jb (x) |
U |
i1...ia |
U ∩ U′ |
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(S R)p = Sp Rp , |
(S + R)p = Sp + Rp. |
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TabX |
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(a, b) = (0, 0) |
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T00X |
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(a, b) = (0, 1) |
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X
(U, h)
X
n >
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TabX
∂xi |
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∂xi p |
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U
XU
X = Xi ∂ ∂xi
(a, b) = (1, 0)
dxi : p −→ (d xi)p |
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α = αi d xi |
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Xi αi, i = 1, ..., n |
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V TpX |
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(Xf)p = Xpf , |
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(U, h) = (U, x , . . . x ) |
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Xf = Xi |
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a1, a2, a V, b1, b2, b W |
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(a1 + a2) b = a1 b + a2 b, |
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a (b1 + b2) = a b1 + a b2, |
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λa b = a λb = λ(a b) |
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f1, . . . , fM |
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eI fJ, |
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Tp X |
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a TpX |
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εσ = ±1 |
(i1, . . . , ir) 7→(σ(i1), . . . , σ(ir)) |
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X1, . . . , Xr |
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X[1X2 . . . |
Xr] |
(0, r) |
X
X[1X2 . . . Xr] = εσ Xσ(1) . . . Xσ(r).
σ
( U, x1, . . . , xn ) |
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Xi1 |
. . . Xir |
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(X[1X2 . . . Xr])i1i2 |
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X[1i1 X2i2 . . . Xrir] |
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Xi1 |
. . . Xir |
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(r, 0) |
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ω |
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X1, X2 . . . , Xr |
( U, x1, . . . , xn ) |
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ω(X1, X2 . . . , Xr) = ωi1...ir X[1i1 . . . Xrir] . |
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ω(Xσ(1), . . . , Xσ(r)) = ǫσω(X1, . . . , Xr). |
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ω, θ, φ, . . . |
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d xi, i = 1, . . . , n |
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(U, x , . . . , x ) |
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(i1, . . . , ir) |
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d xi1 , . . . , d xir |
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εσ d xσ(i1) . . . d xσ(ir ). |
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d xi1 . . . d xir = |
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σ |
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X = Xi ∂/∂xi |
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d xi(X) = Xi |
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(d xi1 . . . d xir ) (X1 . . . Xr) = X1i1 . . . Xrir .
(d xi1 . . . d xir )(X1 . . . Xr) = X[1i1 . . . Xrir] .
r
X1, . . . , Xr
(d xi1 . . . d xir )(X1, . . . , Xr) = X[1i1 . . . Xrir] .
r
ω = ωi1...ir d xi1 . . . d xir .
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r s |
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(d xi1 . . . d xir ) (d xir+1 . . . d xir+s ) = d xi1 . . . d xir+s . |
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s |
is |
θ s |
(U, x1, . . . , xn ) θ = θi1...is d xi1 |
. . . d x |
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ωθ = ωi1...ir θir+1...ir+s d xi1 . . . d xir+s =
=(ω θ)i1...ir+s d xi1 . . . d xir+s .
1 |
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(ω θ)i1...ir+s = |
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ǫσωσ(i1)...σ(ir ) θσ(ir+1)...σ(ir+s). |
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(r + s)! |
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σ |
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s |
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σ1 |
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σ2 (r + s) |
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σ1(i1), . . . , σ1(ir), σ1(ir+1), . . . , σ1(ir+s)
σ2(i1), . . . , σ2(ir), σ2(ir+1), . . . , σ2(ir+s)
r |
s |
r |
s |
σ′
(ω θ)i1...ir+s = |
r!s! |
X |
εσ′ ωσ′(i1)...σ′(ir ) θσ′ (ir+1)...σ′(ir+s). |
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(r + s)! |
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σ |
′ |
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(ω θ)(X1, . . . , Xr+s) =
X
=εσ′ ω(Xσ′(1), . . . , Xσ′(r)) θ(Xσ′(r+1), . . . , Xσ′(r+s)).
σ′
r = 2 s = 1 3!/2!1! = 3
ω = ωij d xi d xj , θ = θk d xk.
ω θ = ωij θk d xi d xj d xk,
(ω θ) (X, Y, Z) = ωij θkX[iY j Zk] =
= ωij θk |
XiY j − Y iXj |
Zk + Y iZj − ZiY j |
Xk + ZiXj − XiZj |
Y k |
= |
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= ω X, Y θ |
Z + |
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+ ω Z, X θ Y |
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ω Y, Z |
θ X |
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r |
ω s |
θ |
ωθ = (−1)rs θ ω.
θφ
ω(θ + φ) = ω θ + ω φ.
(ω θ) φ = ω (θ φ) = ω θ φ.
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0 |
r ≥ 0 |
1 |
X = T1X |
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X = |
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Ω X |
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Ω X = F X |
Ω |
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Ω |
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0 |
r > n |
ω ∂xi1 |
, . . . ∂xir |
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= r! ωi1...ir . |
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∂ |
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∂ |
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f : X −→ Y |
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ω |
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r ≥ 0 |
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ω)p |
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p |
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X1, . . . , Xr TpX |
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(f |
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(f ω)p(X1, . . . , Xr) = ωq( (d f)pX1, . . . , (d f)pXr ), |
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q = f(p) 1 (df)pn |
: TpX −→1 |
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TqYm |
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p |
(U, x , . . . , x ) (V, y , . . . , y |
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X Y |
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fU V |
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yj = fj(x1, . . . , xn) , |
j = 1, . . . , m |
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f |
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(f ω)p(X1, . . . , Xr) = ωj1,...,jr |
y(x) |
∂yj1 (x) |
X[i11 . . . |
∂yjr (x) |
Xrir] |
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∂yj1 (x) |
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∂xi1 |
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∂xir |
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= ωj1,...,jr y(x) |
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d xi1 |
. . . |
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d xir (X1, . . . , Xr) . |
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∂xi1 |
∂xir |
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f ω = ωj1...jr (y(x)) d yj1 . . . d yjr ,
d yj |
Tp X |
d yj = ∂yj d xi. ∂xi
f ω
f : X −→ Y
f ω |
ω |
f |
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f : ΩrY −→ ΩrX , |
ω 7→f ω |
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f (θ ω) = f θ f ω |
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θ |
ω Y |
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f = id : X −→ X |
f : X −→ Y g : Y −→ Z |
f |
(g ◦ rf) = f r◦ g |
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: Ω X −→ Ω |
X |
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r = 0 |
ω |
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g : Y −→ R |
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f g = g ◦ f |
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Y X
i : Y −→ X
i : ΩrX −→ ΩrY
ω
X |
ω|Y Y |
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(ω|Y )p(X1, . . . , Xr) = ωp(X1, . . . , Xr) |
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p Y |
X1, . . . , Xr TpY |
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TpY |
TpX |
d f |
1 f |
n |
X |
(U, x , . . . , x ) |
d f = |
∂f/∂xi dxi |
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d f |
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d : Ω0X −→ Ω1X , |
f 7→d f, |
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d(fg) = d f · g + f · d g |
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d |
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X |
r ≥ 0 |
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d : ΩrX −→ Ωr+1X , |
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10. |
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d |
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20. |
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d |
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θ |
ω |
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d(θ ω) = d θ ω + (−1)rθ d ω, |
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r |
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θ |
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30. |
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f |
: X −→ Y |
ω |
Y |
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d f ω = f d ω. |
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40. |
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f Ω0X |
d f |
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d f = ∂f/∂x |
d x |
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50. |
ω = d f |
f Ω0X |
d ω = 0 |
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X |
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(U, x1, . . . , xn) |
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ω|U |
= ωi1...ir d xi1 . . . d xir . |
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10 − 50
d(ω|U ) = d ωi1...ir |
d xi1 . . . d xir = |
∂ωi1...ir |
d xi d xi1 . . . d xir . |
∂xi |
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d(ω|U ) |
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d ω |
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d |
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U |
d(ω|U ) ≡ d ωU |
(U, x1, . . . , xn) |
(U′, x1′ , . . . , xn′ ) |
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X |
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ω = ωi1...ir d xi1 . . . d xir |
U |
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ω = ωi1′ ...ir′ d xi1′ |
. . . d xir′ |
U′, |
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∂xi1′ |
∂xir′ |
U ∩ U′, |
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ωi1...ir = |
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ωi1′ ...ir′ |
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∂xi1 |
∂xir |
∂ωi1...ir |
r |
∂xi1′ |
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∂2xik′ |
∂xir′ |
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∂xi1′ |
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= |
X |
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· ωi1′ ...ir′ + |
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∂xi |
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∂xi1 |
∂xi ∂xik |
∂xir |
∂xi1 |
k=1
f
∂i2f j d xi d xj = 0, ∂x ∂x
d xi d xj = − d xj d xi
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∂xir′ ∂ωi′ ...i′ |
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1 |
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ir |
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∂x |
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∂x |
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∂xi1′ |
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∂2xik′ |
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∂xir′ |
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· ωi1′ ...ir′ · d xi |
d xi1 . . . d xik . . . d xir = 0. |
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k=1 |
∂xi1 |
∂xi ∂xik |
∂xir |
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U ∩ U′ |
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∂ωi1...ir |
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d xi d xi1 |
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∂xi |
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∂xi1′ |
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∂xir′ |
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∂ωi1′ ...ir′ |
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i1 |
ir |
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d x |
d x |
. . . d x |
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∂xi1 |
∂xir |
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∂xi |
= |
∂ωi1′ ...ir′ |
d xi |
∂xi1′ |
d xi1 . . . |
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∂xir′ |
d xir = |
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∂xi |
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∂xi1 |
∂xir |
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∂ωi′ |
...i′ |
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1 |
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= d ωi1′ ...ir′ |
d x 1 |
. . . d x r = |
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d x |
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d x 1 |
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∂xi′ |
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d ωU = d ωU′ |
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d ωU |
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d ω |
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r + 1 |
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d ω|U = d ωU |
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U |
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d : ΩrX −→ Ωr+1X |
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f F X |
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(U, x1, . . . , xn) |
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∂f |
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∂2f |
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d(d f) = d |
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d xj |
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d xi d xj = 0, |
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∂xj |
∂xi ∂xj |
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50 |
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20 |
(U, x1, . . . , xn) |
θ = f d xα, |
ω = g d xβ , |
d xα = dxi1 . . . d xir |
d xβ = d xj1 . . . d xjs . |
d(θ ω) = d(fg d xα d xβ ) =
=d(fg) d xα d xβ = (d f · g + f · dg) d xα d xβ =
=d f d xα g d xβ + (−1)r (f d xα) (d g d xβ ) = d θ ω + (−1)r θ d ω,
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30 |
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U, x1, . . . , xn |
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(V, y1, . . . , ym) |
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fU |
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( j |
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1 |
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n |
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= 1, . . . , m |
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d y |
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j i |
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(x , . . . , x ), j |
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d x |
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d(f ω) = d ωj1...jr (y(x)) d yj1 (x) . . . d yjr (x) = |
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= |
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∂yj |
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d yj(x) d yj1 (x) . . . d yjr (x). |
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∂ωj1...jr (y(x) |
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d ω = |
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∂ωj1...jr |
d yj d yj1 . . . d yjr , |
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∂yj |
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d yk |
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d yj(x) d yj1 |
(V, y1, . . . , ym) |
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f (d ω) = |
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(x) . . . d yjr (x), |
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∂ωj1...jr (y(x) |
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d(f ω) = f (d ω) |
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d ω |
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ω |
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A = Aj d xj |
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d A = |
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d xj = 2 |
∂xi − |
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∂xj d xi d xj ≡ 2Fij d xi d xj . |
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∂Aj |
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1 |
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ω
d d ω = 0
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1 |
n |
′ |
1′ |
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n′ |
) n |
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(U, x , . . . , x ) (U |
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X |
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U ∩ U |
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U ∩U′ =′ |
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U ∩U′ 6= |
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det(∂x /∂x) > 0 |
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∂x1′ |
p |
p U ∩ U |
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∂xn p |
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∂ |
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∂ |
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∂ |
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∂ |
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TpX
X
X
−X
n > 0 |
n = 0 |
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X
p |
ε(p) = ±1 |
X
X
(U, h)
(U ∩ X , h|U∩ X )
(Uα, hα) |
X |
(Vα, hα|Vα ) |
∂X |
∂X |
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(Uα, hα) |
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(Uα, hα) |
(Uβ, hβ ) |
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(Vα, hα|Vα ) |
Vα = Uα ∩ ∂X (Vα, hα|Vα )
(Vβ, hβ|Vβ )
(Uα, hα) = (Uα, x1, . . . , xn) (Uβ, hβ) = (Uβ, y1, . . . , yn)
Xx1 = 0, y1 = 0
∂X |
Vα ∩ Vβ |
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∂y1 |
= 0, |
k = 2, . . . , n, |
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k |
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∂x |
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∂yj |
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∂y1 |
∂yk |
Vα ∩ Vβ |
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det |
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det |
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∂xi |
∂x1 |
∂xl |
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i, j = 1, . . . , n k, l = 2, . . . , n |
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y1 < 0 |
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< 0 |
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∂y1/∂x1 > 0 |
Vα ∩ Vβ |