Intensive reading:

Reading an Article

Read the article and list pros and cons of preschools.

The National Preschool Debate Intensifies Educators rave about the benefits of early childhood schooling. So, why don't we support it more?

By Michael Lester

Nationwide, almost two-thirds (64 percent) of children attend preschool center in the year prior to kindergarten, typically at age four. On any given day, more than five million American youngsters attend some prekindergarten program. And a preschool day is not just advanced babysitting for busy parents. Kids also practice many key components of the school day, including the importance of routine. That’s key for early learners.

“They understand carpet time, clean-up procedures, how to share crayons, or even getting their pants on and off without the teacher’s help; that’s big,” says Steve Malton, kindergarten and first-grade teacher at Parkmead Elementary School, in Walnut Creek, California. “Little kids have only a certain amount of what’s called active working memory. If a large portion of their brain is figuring out what they’re going to do next, there’s less room there to spend on learning.” Result: Preschool has a huge impact on their ability to keep up in class.

So, what’s not to love about preschool? Plenty, say critics. “Young children are better off at home,” says Michael Smith, president of the Home School Legal Defense Association. “We are in danger of overinstitutionalizing them. A child will develop naturally if the parents give the child what he or she needs most in the formative years – plenty of love and attention. In this way, the brain can develop freely.”

As soon as the subject of schooling before K-12 comes up, another concept quickly follows: testing. That gives some parents the jitters. “The only way for school programs, including preschool programs, to show accountability of public funding for education is through testing,” says Diane Flynn Keith, founder of Universal Preschool. “The only way to prepare children for standardized testing is to teach a standardized curriculum. Standardized preschool curriculum includes reading, writing, math, science, and social sciences at a time when children are developmentally vulnerable and may be irreparably harmed by such a strategy.”

That’s part of a broader test-them-sooner move across many grades. One pushdown from No Child Left Behind, for instance, is that high-stakes testing now begins as early as the second grade. “It’s not the same kindergarten we went to,” says Don Owens, director of public affairs for the National Association for the Education of Young Children(NAEYP). “It’s not the same kindergarten it was ten years ago. Kindergarten used to be preparation for school, but now it is school. That’s why school districts and boards of education are paying attention to what happens before the kids arrive at school.”

The result is a desperate tug-of-war between prekindergarten advocates and critics, with the under-six set placed squarely in the middle. In 2006, for instance, the Massachusetts legislature passed, by unanimous vote, an increase in state-funded high-quality prekindergarten programs. Governor Mitt Romney promptly vetoed the bill, calling preschool an “expensive new entitlement.”

On the national stage, Oklahoma is the only state to offer publicly funded preschool education to virtually all children (about 90 percent) at age four. But twelve states – Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Mississippi, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming – provide no preschool services at all. “There is not enough support for preschool,” explains David Kass, executive director of Fight Crime: Invest in Kids. “It’s very expensive, and most parents cannot afford it.” The three costliest states for private preschool are Massachusetts (where preschool runs an average of $9,628 per year), New Jersey ($8,985), and Minnesota ($8,832). In Rhode Island, the average yearly tab for preschool represents 45 percent of the median single-parent-family income. In California, part-time private preschool and child-care programs cost families on average $4,022 statewide. By comparison, the average full-time tuition at a California State University campus was $3,164. “America is forcing its parents to decide between paying for early education for their kids and saving for their college education,” says the NAEYP’s Don Owens (abridged from http://www.edutopia.org/preschool).

After Reading Activities

Activity I: Mastering Vocabulary

1. Find words or phrases in the article which mean the same as the words and phrases listed below.

Before, children, influence, to make sb nervous, defenseless, a fierce struggle, a supporter, quickly, practically, a check, to compel

2. Match the words and phrases on the left with their definitions on the right. Then make up nine sentences using the new vocabulary.

board of education campus curriculum (on the curriculum (BrE), in the curriculum (AmE)) educator elementary school grade school district social sciences tuition (tuition fees (BrE))

particular subjects relating to the study of people in society, such as history, politics a school in the US where basic subjects are taught for the first six years of a child’s education an area in one state of the US that includes a number of schools which are governed together the subjects that are taught by a school, college etc, or the things that are studied in a particular subject the money you pay for being taught in the US, a group of people elected to make decisions about how schools and colleges are managed, and about how children are educated in a particular county or state a teacher or someone involved in the process of educating people one of the 12 years that students are at school in the American school system, or the students in a particular year the land and buildings of a university or college, including the buildings where students live

3. Explain what the underlined phrases mean.

   1. Educators rave about the benefits of early childhood schooling.

   2. “They understand carpet time, clean-up procedures, how to share crayons, or even getting their pants on and off without the teacher’s help; that’s big.”

   3. If a large portion of their brain is figuring out what they’re going to do next, there’s less room there to spend on learning.

   4. Preschool has a huge impact on their ability to keep up in class.

   5. We are in danger of overinstitutionalizing them.

   6. A child will develop naturally if the parents give the child what he or she needs most in the formative years – plenty of love and attention.

   7. “The only way for school programs, including preschool programs, to show accountability of public funding for education is through testing,” says Diane Flynn Keith.

   8. That’s part of a broader test-them-sooner move across many grades.

   9. In 2006, for instance, the Massachusetts legislature passed, by unanimous vote, an increase in state-funded high-quality prekindergarten programs.

4. The prefix over- means more than normal, too much, e.g. overinstitutionalize. Here are five more verbs with this prefix. Use them in the sentences below in the correct form.

Overcharge overemphasize overindulge oversimplify overrate

1. I feel that private schools are ___________, they are more of a social status.

2. Many preschools __________ parents and provide poor quality care in terms of both safety and education.

3. Standardized tests _________ knowledge and do not test higher-order thinking skills.

4. Many parents think they __________ out of kindness, but they're training kids to be helpless and irresponsible.

5. Why does the USA completely _________ formal education? For the most part the thought is that anybody and everybody needs to graduate from a university.

5. Do you know what K-12 and No Child Left Behind are? Find information about it and present it in class.

Activity II: Analyzing the Structure and the Content

1. Look at the headline. Does it give you an idea of what the article should be about? Suggest other variants of headlines for this article.

2. Is it a news article or an opinion article? Is the author objective or biased? Why do you think so?

3. Make a summary of the article.

Activity III: Answering the Questions and Comparing

1. Describe a typical preschool in the USA (age of children, curriculum, etc). How is it different from Russian kindergartens?

2. How has the American kindergarten changed over the last ten years? Do you think the Russian kindergarten has changed, too?

3. Does the American government support the idea of publicly funded preschool education? Why/ Why not? What is the situation like in Russia?

LITERATURE SPOT

Reading an Essay

1. Do you know what an essay is? Have you read any essays? How do you think it is different from other forms of literature, e.g. novels, short stories, folk tales?

2. Compare your ideas with the opinion of Richard Burton, who was Professor of English Literature at University of Minnesota:

“[The essay] aims neither to convey knowledge nor conserve some utilitarian end. <…> The essay is simply the essayist talking…. Here is the most personal of all literary forms, the frankest, most direct exposure of the man behind the book” (“The Essay: A Famous Literary Form and Its Conquests”, 1914).

3. In 1988 American minister and author Robert Fulghum published a book of fifty short essays called “All I Really Need To Know I Learned in Kindergarten”, which includes his ruminations on various topics such as childhood, holidays, death, lives of interesting people and others. The title of the book was taken from the first essay in the volume, in which Fulghum lists lessons normally learned in American kindergarten classrooms. Read the essay and answer the following questions:

1. What kind of things do American children learn in kindergarten? Are they culture specific or universal?

2. What is the main idea of this essay? Do you agree with the author? Why/Why not?

3. Do you remember your kindergarten years? Tell your group mates what you liked and disliked about going to the kindergarten.