2.The Past Perfect.

The Past Perfect is used to show an action happened in the past before another event took place.

They had already finished their dinner when I arrived to join them.

When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.

Form: had+past participle

Positive: You had studied English before you moved to New York.

Negative: You hadn’t studied English before you moved to New York.

Question: Had you studied English before you moved to New York?

3.The Future Perfect.

The Future Perfect is used to show that an activity will be completed by a specified time in the future.

I will have saved about one million dollars by the year 2030.

Form: will have+past participle

Positive: You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from Great Britain.

Negative: You won’t have perfected your English by the time you come back from Great Britain.

Question: Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from Great Britain?

Exercise 1. Put the verb in brackets into the Present,Past or Future Perfect Tense.

1. I (to hear) of him ever since I was born.

2. By the time you arrived we (to leave).

3. The students (to know) the results of the exams by 3 o’clock tomorrow.

4. After they (to present) the draft of the program, long debates took place.

5. I (to do) already all my lessons.

6. He (to reject) just our proposal.

7. Our family (to live) in this street since we got a new flat.

Text II

The State Structure of the UK

I Pre-reading

Read and practice the pronunciation of the following words and word - combinations:

monarchy, sovereign, legislative, executive, judiciary, the Commonwealth, to pass laws, to introduce a bill, to approve, to sign, to be in charge, the House of Commons, the House of Lords, Home Office.

Answer the following questions:

1. Is there a constitution in the UK?

2. Who is the head of state?

3. Who may be the Prime Minister of the country?

II Reading

Scan the texts and be ready to answer the questions on the state structure of the UK.

State Structure.

The UK is a parliamentary monarchy. This means that it has a monarch (a king or a queen) as its Head of State. The UK is a monarchy in form, but a parliamentary democracy in substance. The Sovereign is head of state, and as such is head of the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and temporal head of the established Church of England. The Queen of the UK is also the Head of the Commonwealth, and so the Queen of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries.

Parliament.

Parliament is the supreme legislative body of the British state and can in theory pass laws relating to any aspect of the political, economic, legal, social, and cultural life of the United Kingdom.

The British Parliament is one of the oldest Parliaments in the world. It has existed since 1265. It consists of two chambers known as the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and the Queen as its head. Parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government of the country, and they only meet together on symbolic occasions such as coronation of a new monarch or the opening of Parliament.

In reality, the House of Commons is the only one of the three which is true power. It is here that new bills are introduced and debated, and if a Bill is passed, it is sent to the House of Lords to be approved, and finally to the monarch to be signed. Only then it becomes an Act of Parliament, a law.

The duration of Parliament is five years. The life of Parliament is divided into sessions. A new session of Parliament opens every year.

The main functions of Parliament are: 1) to make laws regulating the life of the community; 2) to provide money for government, through taxation; 3) to examine government policy, administration and spending; 4) to debate political questions.

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions on Text II:

1. What is the highest lawmaking body of Great Britain?

2. When was the British Parliament founded?

3. How many and what chambers does it consist of?

4. How are new bills introduced?

5. How long and how does every Parliament work?

6. What are the main functions of Parliament?

Exercise 2. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. The real power belongs to the Queen, that’s why the UK is a monarchy.

2. Any Parliament enjoys absolute legislative supremacy during its lifetime.

3. Members of the Government are appointed by the Prime Minister.

4. The Queen and the members of the Royal family don’t exert any influence on the life of the country.

5. In the British formulation, the sovereign reigns but doesn't rule.

6. The British Parliament has existed since 1665.

7. Parliament and the Monarch play different roles in the government.

8. New bills are introduced and then signed by the Monarch.

9. The only function of Parliament is to make laws.

Exercise 3. Look through the sentences of the exercise and find information which was not mentioned in the text.

1. A parliamentary monarchy means that the country has a monarch as its Head of State.

2. Prior to July 2006 the chairman of the House of Lords was the Lord Chancellor.

3. A member of Parliament who has sat in the House of Commons for the longest period is called “the Father of the Commons".

4. The duration of the British Parliament is five years.

5. A romantic and rather mysterious person “Black Rod” brings together the Queen, her Prime Minister and ministers, members of the Lords and finally members of the Commons to the ceremony of the Opening of Parliament to listen to the Monarch’s Speech from the Throne.

6. The House of Lords is the second chamber of Parliament.

7. The chairman of the House of Lords is the Lord Speaker.

8. The House of Commons is presided over by the Speaker.

9. Parliament and the Monarch play different roles in the country.

10. The Queen and the Royal family exert great influence on the life of the country.

11. The Lord Speaker sits on a special seat called “the Woolsack”, the symbol of welfare of the country.