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20.06.2015

Time to Speak Russian::Grammar Notes

Grammar Notes

NOUNS

NOUNS: GENDER

Russian nouns are divided into three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Usually, one can determine the noun ge

Most masculine nouns end in:

 

a consonant

паспорт, журнал, компьютер

"­Й"

 

музей

 

the soft sign "­Ь"

словарь

 

Feminine nouns usually end in:

 

"­А"

 

страна, газета, виза

 

"­Я"

 

фамилия

 

the soft sign "­Ь"

площадь

 

Most neuter nouns end in:

 

"­O"

письмо, яблоко

 

"­E"

море, кафе

 

 

MASCULINE GENDER FEMININE GENDER NEUTER GENDER

ОН

 

ОНА

ОНО

паспорт

 

страна

письмо

журнал

 

газета

 

яблоко

компьютер

виза

море

музей

 

фамилия

 

кафе

словарь

 

площадь

 

 

NOUNS: NUMBER

Это студент.

Это студенты.

Это газета.

Это газеты.

In the Russian language plural nouns are constructed in the following way:

­ to the masculine singular noun the endings ­Ы or ­И are added

­Ы, ­И:

документ – документы

журнал – журналы

­ feminine noun endings undergo changes:

"­А" is replaced by "­Ы"

виза – визы

газета – газеты

"­Я" is replaced by "­И"

фамилия – фамилии

­ neuter nouns endings undergo changes:

­А

письмо – письма

­ Е is replaced by­Я

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море – моря

The word ЯБЛОКО (apple) is an exception, the plural form of it is ЯБЛОКИ!

Please, remember! The words "ДЕНЬГИ", "ОЧКИ" have only the plural forms.

 

Singular number Plural number

ОН

документ

документы

журнал

журналы

 

виза

визы

ОНА газета

газеты

 

фамилия

фамилии

 

письмо

письма

ОНО море

моря

 

деньги

 

очки

Personal Pronouns

я мы ты вы

он она они оно

The pronouns "ОН", "ОНА" can denote either animate or inanimate entities. The pronoun ОНО always denotes inanimate objects.

КТО?

ЧТО?

ОН Это турист. Он тут.

Это паспорт. Он тут.

ОНА Это девушка. Она тут. Это виза. Она тут.

ОНО –

Это яблоко. Оно тут.

The pronoun "ВЫ" is not only a plural form. It is also used as a polite form to address a stranger or an older person.

OCCUPATIONS: Feminine nouns

Feminine nouns inidicating occupations or professions are derived from masculine nouns with the help of the suffix «­К­». And, of c acquire a feminine ending as well. For example:

Это студент.

Это студенка.

он она студент студентка журналист журналистка турист туристка

For example:

Он студент. – Она студентка.

Он журналист. – Она журналистка.

But there is a group of nouns indicating occupations which don’t change by gender. For example:

Он менеджер. – Она менеджер.

Он инженер. – Она инженер.

Он доктор. – Она доктор.

Он музыкант. – Она музыкант.

Negation

To give a negative answer to a question formed without a special question word, you have to use TWO negative words (or double ne First, you have to say «НЕТ» (No,...) and then repeat the negative particle «НЕ» preceeding negation.

For example: ЭТО КЛЮЧ? НЕТ, ЭТО НЕ КЛЮЧ.

БАГАЖ ТУТ? НЕТ, БАГАЖ НЕ ТУТ.

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ВЫ СТУДЕНТ? НЕТ, Я НЕ СТУДЕНТ.

ОНА МЕНЕДЖЕР? НЕТ, ОНА НЕ МЕНЕДЖЕР.

Attention!

Intonation plays a big role in the question and answer. In the question you emphasize the word that is most meaningful or important intonation will rise.

In the answer the negative particle «не» and the following word are pronounced together as one phonetic unit or word. As a rule, the particle «не».

«не тут» ­ [ нитут] «не она» ­ [ ниана]

Depending on the meaning of the question, «не» can be placed before:

Noun:

Это стол? ­ Нет, не стол.

Adverb:

Дом там? ­ Нет, не там.

Verb:

Ты знаешь? ­ Нет, не знаю.

Adjective:

Дом большой? – Нет, не большой.

Pronouns

1.Posessive pronouns always agree in gender and number with the nouns they refer to. For example, "мой билет" (my ticket) ­ " noun, "твоя виза" (your entry visa) ­ "виза" is a feminine noun, 'моё яблокоa' (my apple) ­ яблоко is a neuter noun, "ваши д "деньги" is a plural noun.

2.Pronoun forms его, её, их don't change. You should select the pronoun to agree with the gender of the person who owns the o

Это Антон. Он здесь. Это его билет, его виза, его фото, его деньги.

Это Анна. Она там. Это её билет, её виза, её фото, её деньги.

Это Антон и Анна. Это они. Это их журнал, их виза, их фото, их деньги.

3.To find out who owns the object, you should ask a question using special question pronoun forms: чей? чья? чьё? чьи? (whos pronoun form which agrees in gender and number with the noun referred to by the question pronoun.

Это Мария. Это билет. Это её билет. Чей это билет? (The noun «билет» is masculine, so you need the question word

Это Джон. Это виза. Это его виза. Чья это виза? (The noun «виза» is feminine, so you need the question word "ЧЬЯ

Это Антон. Это яблоко. Это его яблоко. Чьё это яблоко? (The noun «яблоко» is neuter, so you need the question wo

Это Анна и Джон. Это деньги. Это их деньги. Чьи это деньги? (The noun «деньги» is plural, so you need the questi

NATIONALITY NOUNS

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There are special words to indicate nationalities in Russian. To describe males and females of the same nationality, different masculi will be used. To indicate nationality of several people, in Russian a special plural form can be used.

Take a look at the table: masculine nouns are forned with the help of suffixes ­ец (канадец), ­ан+­ец (американец), less often the s (англичанин). Some masculine nationality nouns have special forms: француз, турок, грек. The form русский (русская, русские) exceptionРусский – is an adjective, not a noun form!

Most feminine nationality nouns end in ­ка (канадка), ­анка (американка) или ­янка (китаянка), however, there are exceptions:

Plural froms are constructed following the standard rules:

If the masculine singular noun ends in а ­ец (канадец) or ­анец (американец), the plural form ends in ­цы (канадцы) или ­анцы (а standard rule of adding an ending i>­ы or ­и to form the plural applies even to exception nouns, such as француз, грек ­ plural form Please, note that the form турок турки. Masculine nouns ending in –анин have unique plural forms, ending in –ане: англичанин

As you can see there are many ways in Russian to form nationality nouns. The most important thing to remember is this: nationalitie expressed by special nouns, not by adjectives. And it is best to memorize nationality nouns that are exceptions.

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Time to Speak Russian::Grammar Notes

ADVERBS

To characterise an action, or describe a state, adverbs are used in most cases. Adverb is a part of speech in the Russian language wh form.

To indicate where something an action took place, we use "adverbs of place". They answer the question где? (where?).

Номер справа.

Лифт там, слева. Ресторан внизу.

To indicate when something takes place, we use "adverbs of time" which answer the question когда? (when?).

Завтрак утром, обед днём, ужин вечером.

To characterise an action or state, we use "adverbs of manner" which answer the question как? (how?, or "in which manner the actio

Летом жарко,зимой холодно.

Это хорошо.

В ресторане очень дорого.

Most often, adverbs are used with verbs expressing states or actions, with adjectives, and with other adverbs. Adverbs are placed in f indicate intensity of an action, intensity of a state, or characteristic.

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You can also find adverbs in sentences with the word ЭТО (it, this).

Сериал – это скучно! Детектив – это интересно.

To describe a state of the environment or nature, we use impersonal sentences (lacking an active subject in the Nominative case) wit always include indications of time or location. Usually, the information about where or when the action is taking place will be place sentence, and the information about the action or state characteristics (как?) is placed at the end of a sentence.

The Russian language differs from most other European languages in that in sentences describing the state of the environment in the быть (to be) is not used. However, in the past and future tenses the verb "быть" is necessarily present in its appropriate tense form.

Сегодня жарко.

Вчера было жарко. Завтра тоже будет жарко.

Remember! The most important (new) information is placed at the end of the sentence. Compare:

Завтрак утром (не днём и не вечером). Утром завтрак (не обед и не ужин).

Plural Nouns (continued)

The plural form of masculine nouns ending in ­г, ­к, ­х, ­ж, ­ш, ­ч, ­щ, and feminine nouns ending in ­га, ­ка, ­ха, ­жа, ­ша, ­ча, ­щ letter "и":

банк – банки этаж ­ этажи девушка – девушки книга – книги.

Please, memorize some special plural forms:

брат – бра́тья стул – сту́лья друг – друзья́

дом – дома

ребёнок – дети

́

́

́

город – города

человек – люди

́

́

́

адрес – адреса

Borrowed nouns that end in vowels: "о", "­а", "­и", "­у" don't have a separate plural form: такси (sing) = такси (pl) = taxi, метро = пальто (coat), интервью (interview).

There are some nouns in Russian which have only the plural form: "джинсы", "деньги", "очки", "часы".

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Please, remember! These are exceptions.

Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe objects, i.e. indicate objects’ characteristics and attributes. The adjective answers a question: “«ка “Which one?” (see below). An adjective’s grammar form is always identical to that of a noun it characterizes, in other words, the adj same gender, number and case, as the noun:

красивый дом красивая девушка красивое дерево красивые цветы

Pay attention to the endings of the nouns and adjectives in the table:

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ARussian adjective follows either a “hard” or “soft” conjugation pattern – it means that one should pay attention to which consonan the adjective’s ending: e.g.in “новый” – [в] is a hard consonant, so the ending will be “­ ый”, while in "синий” ­ [н’] is a soft conso «ий». . The following are the “hard” conjugation pattern endings: но́вый, но́вая, но́вое, но́выеThe following are the “soft” conjuga си́ний, си́няя, си́нее, си́ниеHowever, it is important to remember that in a stressed position masculine adjectives that follow the “ha will end in «ОЙ» instead of «ЫЙ»: голубо́й, молодо́й и т.д.The “soft” conjugation pattern adjectives have to be memorized, as the evolution. In most cases, these are nouns that end in ­ний: си́ний, ле́тний, зи́мний, вчера́шний, etc.

Question words: "Какой? Какая? Какое? "(what kind? which one?)

When an inquiry is made about qualitative characteristics of a person or inanimate object ("what kind of a person or object is it?"), in "какой? какая? какое? какие?" are asked. The question word usually opens the sentence, and agrees in gender and number with the the masculine noun, you will use the question word "какой?", with the feminine noun ­ "какая?", with the neuter noun ­ "какое?", a "какие?".

"Какой это человек?" ("What kind of a person is he?"): the noun "человек" (person) is masculine and singular, and the question wo appropriate to use.

"Какая это рыба"? ("What kind of a fish is it?"): "рыба" (fish) is a feminine noun in Russian, and the appropriate question word is "

"Какое это пиво?" ("What kind of a beer is it?"): "пиво" (beer) is a neuter noun, and the appropriate question word is "какое")

"Какие это дети?" ("What kind of children are these?"): "дети" is a plural noun, and the appropriate question word is "какие?")

Replies to such questions will include adjectives which agree with the nouns in gender and number.

"Это вкусн║ая рыба". ("This is a tasty fish.")

Also, questions "какой? какая? какое? какие?" can be used to inquire about an object's name. Compare:

"Какое это пиво?" ("What kind of a beer is it?")

"Это холодное пиво". ("This is a cold beer".)

"Это пиво "Балтика". ("This is the Baltika brand beer".)

CASES in Russian

Russian nouns change (are inflected) in a sentence. The noun's form depends on the noun's role in a sentence. Such noun forms are k are six cases in the Russian language, and every case answers a specific case question for animate and inanimate nouns, is distinguis endings, and has specific meaning and functions in the sentence.

There are six cases in the Russian language:

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The Nominative Case is used when a noun is the grammatical subject (sometimes – a predicate) of a sentence and answers the questi As a rule, in a dictionary nouns are listed in the Nominative case.

PREPOSITIONAL CASE

To indicate location of a person or an object (i.e. give an answer to the question "where?"), you should select a noun in the Prepositi

To indicate location, nouns in the Prepositional case are always used with the prepositions "в"(in) or "на"(on). If an object is located a preposition " в" (in): "шарф в сумке" ­ "a scarf in a bag", "телефон в столе" ­"a telephone in a desk drawer", "фото в книге" ­"a an object is located on a top surface of something , we use a preposition "на" (on): "шарф на сумке" ­"a scarf on a bag", "телефон on a desk", "фото на книге" ­ "a photo on a book". Please, note additional rules and tips on how to use the prepositions "в" (in) and

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Книги на полке.

Цветы в вазе.

Preposition В (in)

If a person or object is in a room or in a building, in most cases the preposition " в" is used: "Антон b>в комнате" ­ "Anton is ресторане". – "Ivan is in the restaurant." Exceptions: на почте (post office) на стадионе (stadium) на факультете (college d (factory)

If we speak about a country or a city, the preposition в is also used: "Антон в Америке". – "Anton is in America." "Иван в П Petersburg."

The words парк (park), сад (garden), лес (forest) are also used with the preposition в: "Мы в парке". – "We are in the park."; in the forest."

Preposition на ("at")

If a person is attending an event or performance, the preposition " на" is used: "Антон на уроке." ­ "Anton is at a lesson"; " И "Ivan is at a disko dance."

The preposition "на" is used with the words: "улица" ( street), "бульвар"" ( boulevard), "проспект"" (prospect, avenue), "пл indicate that a person stays in the open and "on the surface" : "Я сейчас на улице".

Prepositional case: Noun Endings

1. If the masculine noun ends in a consonant (in the Nominative case), the Prepositional case ending "­е" is attached to the Nomi

парк – в парке, магазин – в магазине.

But if the masculine noun ends in "ь" or "й", this last letter will be replaced by the ending ­е:

музей – в музее, словарь – в словаре.

2) Likewise, if the feminine noun ends in ­а or ­я, this last letter will be replaced by the ending "е".

Москва – в Москве, песня – в песне.

2. If the neuter noun ends in­о (in the Nominative case), replace this last letter with the ending ­е:

письмо – в письме

But if the neuter noun ends in ­е, it will not change its form at all and will only acquire the preposition в or на:

поле – в поле, море – на море.

3.If the feminine noun ends in "ь", in the Prepositional case this last letter will be replaced by the ending i> ­и:

в тетради. (Please, note the difference: if the masculine noun ends in ­ь in the Nominative case, in the Prepositional case it will ha

в словаре).

4.If in the Nominative case, the feminine noun ends in­ия,or the neuter noun ends in ­ие in the Prepositional case they will end i

Россия – в России, здание – в здании.

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