Theme 7 Childhood diseases

From the medical point of view a child is a person who has not reached puberty. And from the legal point of view a child is a person who has not attained majority. In Russia, for example, a child attains majority at eighteen years old.

In the period between the time of birth and adolescence children may experience some diseases. The term “childhood disease” is sometimes subjective, and does not refer to an accepted, categorical list. Nearly all the diseases in this list can also be contracted by adults, and, of course, all children can contract diseases not categorized as "childhood diseases".Classification of all childhood diseases is extensive and includes several groups:

• common infectious diseases (chickenpox, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella, scarlet fever, mumps, etc.);

• upper respiratory tract infections (adenoviral infection, influenza, herpes simplex, etc.);

• intestinal infections (dysentery, rotavirus infection, polio, typhoid, etc.);

• diseases caused by parasites.

Some of childhood diseases are vaccine-preventable. Childhood vaccination schedule contains information about vaccine-preventable diseases. In Russia such schedule is officially named as National Vaccination Calendar and issued by the Ministry of Health. This calendar lists diseases and recommended ages they should be done at. Against some diseases a child must be vaccinated two or three times at the definite age.According to this schedule, children in RF should be vaccinated against: Haemophilusinfluenzae type B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus (lockjaw), poliomyelitis (polio), measles, rubella (German measles), mumps and acute viral hepatitis B.

Any person must be prepared to recognize if a child is ill and care of him. This is just aneveryday part of providing quality child care. Symptoms of illness canappear very rapidly. Care of an ill child who begins with making the child comfortable.Every child care facility needs a quiet place where an ill child can have a rest and can be closely supervised by an adult. Notify the parent or alternate as soon as you have determined that their child is ill. The parent can then begin to make alternate work arrangementsor call for a doctor’s appointment as soon as she/he learns of the illness. Ifa child is seriously ill, ask the parent or alternate to come immediately. It is important to be knowledgeable in first aid and CPR (cardio-pulmonary resuscitation) inthe event of a true emergency.

WHO and UNICEF have drawn up a list of essential drugs to treat the most common childhood diseases. They include: oral antibiotics, an antimalarial drug, oral rehydration salts, vitamin A, treatment for intestinal worms, and treatments for eye and skin infections and mouth ulcers. Meanwhile improved training of health workers would help ensure rapid diagnosis of life-threatening diseases - especially where children are suffering from more than one condition.

Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.

puberty	['pju:bətɪ]	половая зрелость
adolescence	[æd(ə)'les(ə)ns]	период полового созревания
toattainmajority	[ə'teɪn][mə'ʤɔrətɪ]	достигнуть совершеннолетия
chickenpox	['ʧɪkɪnpɔks]	ветряная оспа
whooping cough (pertussis)	[wu:pɪŋ][kɔf][pə'tʌsɪs]	коклюш
measles	['mi:zlz]	корь
rubella	[ru:'belə]	краснуха
mumps	[mʌmps]	эпидемический паротит, свинка
herpessimplex	['hɜːpi:z]['simpleks]	простой герпес
to vaccinate against a disease	['væksɪneɪt][ə'genst][dɪ'zi:z]	делать прививку против какой-либо болезни
care	[kɛə]	уход, медицинское наблюдение
firstaid	[fɜːst][eɪd]	первая медицинская помощь
emergency	[ɪ'mɜːʤ(ə)nsɪ]	экстренный случай, критическое положение
CPR – cardiopulmonaryresuscitation	['kɑːdɪəu'pʌlmən(ə)rɪ] [risʌsəteɪən]	реанимация, включающая искусственное дыхание и непрямой массаж сердца
WHO – WorldHealthOrganization	[wɜːld][helθ] [ɔːg(ə)naɪ'zeɪʃ(ə)n]	Всемирная Организация Здравоохранения (ВОЗ)
UNICEF - The United Nations Children's Fund	[ju:'naɪtɪd] ['neɪʃ(ə)nz] ['ʧɪldr(ə)nz][fʌnd]	Фонд ООН помощи детям (ЮНИСЕФ)
tetanus (lockjaw)	['tet(ə)nəs]['lɔkʤɔː]	столбняк (тризм, спазм жевательных мышц)
to suffer	['sʌfə]	страдать, испытывать

Task 2.Find the following words and word-combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.

1. childhood disease

2. can also be contracted by adults

3. vaccine-preventable diseases

4. National Vaccination Calendar

5. should be vaccinated against

6. child carefacility

7. to make a call for a doctor’s appointment

8. the parent or alternate

9. to be knowledgeable in first aid

10. a list of essential drugs

11. ensure rapid diagnosis

12. life-threatening diseases

Task 3.Answer the questions.

1. How is a child defined from the medical point of view?

2. What types of childhood diseases can you name?

3. Can adults be also contracted by the childhood diseases?

4. How is the childhood vaccination schedule officially named in Russia?

5. What does this schedule list?

6. What diseases must children be vaccinated against in Russia?

7. How can the symptoms of illnesses appear in children?

8. Who should be notified first when a child is ill?

9. What organizations have drawn up a list of essential drugs?

10. Whose training would help ensure rapid diagnosis?

Task 4.Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.

Some of childhood diseases are vaccine-preventable.	Этот календарь включает перечень заболеваний с указанием возраста, в котором должны быть сделаны прививки против них.
Symptoms of illness can appear very rapidly.	Расписание детских прививок включает информацию о заболеваниях.
Against some diseases a child must be vaccinated two or three times at the definite age.	С медицинской точки зрения, ребенок – это тот, кто не достиг половой зрелости.
In Russia, for example, a child attains majority at eighteen years old.	ВОЗ и ЮНИСЕФ составили список наиболее важных медицинских препаратов для лечения самых распространенных детских болезней.
According to this schedule children in RF should be vaccinated against: Haemophilusinfluenzae type B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus (lockjaw), poliomyelitis (polio), measles, rubella (German measles), mumps and acute viral hepatitis B.	Против вируса гриппа ребенка можно прививать с шестимесячного возраста.
Classification of all childhood diseases is extensive and includes several groups.	Некоторые из детских болезней можно предупредить при помощи вакцинации.
Upper respiratory tract infections include such infections as adenoviral infection, influenza, herpes simplex and others.	К инфекциям верхних дыхательных путей относят такие инфекции как аденовирусная, грипп, простой герпес и другие.
WHO and UNICEF have drawn up a list of essential drugs to treat the most common diseases of childhood	Согласно этому календарю, в РФ дети должны проходить вакцинацию против: гемофильной инфекции, туберкулеза, дифтерии, коклюша, столбняка, полиомиелита, кори, краснухи, эпидемического паротита (свинки), вирусного гепатита B.
From the medical point of view a child is a person who has not reached puberty.	К примеру, в России ребенок становится совершеннолетним в восемнадцать лет.
Against influenza children may be vaccinated beginning from 6 months’ age.	Классификация детских болезней обширна и включает несколько групп заболеваний.
Childhood vaccination schedule contains information about vaccine-preventable diseases.	Симптомы болезни могут проявиться очень быстро.
12. This calendar lists diseases and recommended ages they should be done at.	Против некоторых заболеваний ребенок проходит ревакцинацию в определенные возрастные периоды.

Task 5.Translate the given sentences into Russian, close your book and translate them back to English.

1. Pertussis is more commonly known as whooping cough.

2. Symptoms of diphtheria include sore throat, high temperature and breathing difficulties

3. The mumps virus causes fever, headaches and swollen salivary glands under the jaw.

4. The rubella virus usually causes mild sickness with fever, swollen glands and a rash.

5. Symptoms of measles include a rash, fever, cough and watery eyes.

6. Tetanus is caused by a poison produced by a germ that can enter the body through any break in the skin.

7. Whooping coughis characterized by long fits of coughing followed by wheezy breathing and possibly vomiting.

8. The chickenpox virus usually causes a rash, itching, tiredness and fever.

9. Haemophilusinfluenzae causes serious health problems in young children, including the most dangerous type of meningitis.

10. Tuberculosis (TB)is a bacterial disease which commonly affects the lungs.

Task 6.Retell the text.