Theme 9 Oral Health and Hygiene

Good oral health is important not only for our appearance but also for our overall health. Cavities and gum diseases may influence many serious conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases, etc. Untreated cavities can also be painful and lead to serious infections. Proper oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean in order to prevent dental problems and bad breath. Good oral health should be a priority at all life stages, in order to keep the teeth till old age. Smoking is a major risk factor for oral and dental disease; it may cause oral cavity cancer.

There are 5 steps to keep oral health:

• see your dentist regularly; some pre cancerous lesions often are detected by dentist when the patient comes for check up.

• clean your teeth twice a day. Use a soft-bristle toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste to remove plaque and bacteria causing cavities, periodontal and gum diseases. Fluoride makes the surface of teeth more resistant to acids during the process of demineralization. The use of dental floss is an important element of the oral hygiene, since it removes the plaque between teeth. Make flossing your habit and do it regularly.

• eat a well-balanced diet. Healthy food is good for your general health and your oral health. Bread and cereals are rich in vitamin B while fruits and vegetables contain vitamin C, both of which contribute to healthy gum tissue. Lean meat, fish, and poultry provide magnesium and zinc for teeth. Drink fluoridated water.

• check your mouth regularly. Be aware of warning signs of periodontal disease. Gum disease is one of the main reasons why adults lose their teeth.

• don’t smoke or chew tobacco.

Dental caries is another name for tooth decay where bacterial infection affects the hard outer layer lining of the teeth which consists of enamel, cementum and dentin. The bacteria live in plaque and break down sugars from diet to produce acid. Diagnosis for tooth caries is quite simple. Less obvious decays can only be detected by an X-ray test. The decayed part of the tooth is removed using a dentist’s drill and is filled in with paste. If the decay is beyond repair, the tooth will be extracted.

Periodontal disease also called Periodontitis or Gum Disease is a bacterial infection that destroys the supporting structures holding the teeth in their place. The main etiologic agent is bacterial plaque. Left untreated, this disease can lead to bone grafts, gum grafts, and ultimately tooth loss. Some of the early warning signs are slight bleeding when you brush, gums are getting softer andare changing their colour from pink to red.

Thrushof mouth is a yeast infection that may appear in an individual’s mouth that is caused by uncontrollable growth of an organism known as Candida albicans. One of the leading and primary reasons of oral thrush is gorge of antibiotics. Candidiasis is not generally a critical condition. The exception is that it enters the blood and then multiplies in organs particularly in people with weakened immune systems. For this reason an antifungal prescription can be administered.

The best way to prevent dental diseases is to practice good oral and to make your check up regularly.

Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.

acid	['æsɪd]	кислота
appearance	[ə'pɪər(ə)ns]	внешность
caries=tooth decay	['kɛəri:z][tu:θ][dɪ'keɪ]	кариес
untreated	[ʌn'tri:tɪd]	невылеченный
resistantto	[rɪ'zɪst(ə)nt]	резистентный; устойчивый; невосприимчивый
cavity	['kævətɪ]	полость, пазуха
plaque	[plɑːk]	зубной камень, налёт
dental floss	['dent(ə)l][flɔs]	зубнаянить
enamel	[ɪ'næm(ə)l]	эмаль
fluoride	[flʊərʌɪd]	фторид
filling	['fɪlɪŋ]	пломба (взубе)
hygiene	['haɪʤi:n]	гигиена
inflammation	[ֽɪnflə'meɪʃ(ə)n]	воспаление
thrushof mouth	[θrʌʃ][əv] [mauθ]	кандидозный стоматит
oraldiseases	['ɔːr(ə)l][dɪ'zi:zəz]	заболевания полости рта
periodontaldisease	[pɛrɪədɒntəl] [dɪ'zi:z]	заболевание парадонта
periodontitis	[pɛrɪədɒntʌɪtɪs]	периодонтит

Task 2.Find the following words and word-combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.

1. oral health,

2. untreated cavities,

3. proper oral hygiene,

4. to keep the teeth till old age,

5. a major risk factor,

6. to brush teeth,

7. dental floss,

8. contribute to healthy gum tissue,

9. fluoridated water,

10. dental caries,

11. to be filled in with paste,

12. gum disease,

13. leading to inflammation,

14. an antifungal prescription,

15. away to prevent dental diseases.

Task 3.Answer the questions:

1. Why is good oral health important?

2. What serious conditions of health can cavities and gum diseases influence?

3. How can we define aproper oral hygiene?

4. What should people do to practice proper oral hygiene?

5. Can you name bad habits being risk factorsfor oral diseases?

6. What causes dental caries?

7. Which sings are the early warnings of periodontitis?

8. What is oral thrush caused by?

9. What is the main reason of oral thrush?

10. What is the best way to prevent dental diseases

Task 4.Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.

Most dental disorders arise directly or indirectly from two basic diseases of the teeth and their supporting tissues –caries and periodontal diseases.	Здоровье ротовой полости должно стать приоритетом на всех этапах жизни, чтобы сохранить зубы до старости.
Oral thrush is a kind of yeast infection that is caused by uncontrollable growth of an organism known as Candida albicans.	Гигиена полости рта состоит из содержания зубов без пищевых зубных отложений, таким образом предотвращая образование налета, который приводит к заболеваниям зубов.
Good oral health should be a priority in all stages of life, in order to sustain the teeth till old age.	Стоматологи считают, что зубной кариес вероятно является самым распространенным заболеванием в современном обществе.
The main etiologic agent is bacterial plaque.	Для лечения кандидоза может быть назначена противогрибковая терапия.
Unremoved plaque forms a porous deposit that is called tartar.	Как правило, чем раньше будет выявлен кариес зуба, тем легче будет проведено лечение для его восстановления.
An antifungal prescription can be administered to treat candidiasis.	Основным источником заболевания является бактериальный налет.
Dentists state tooth decay or caries to be probably the commonest disease of civilization.	Здоровая пища полезна для вашего общего здоровья и здоровья ротовой полости.
Oral hygiene consists simply of keeping the teeth free of food debris, thus preventing plague formation which leads to dental diseases.	Большинство заболеваний зубов возникает непосредственно или косвенно из-за двух основных видов заболевания - заболевания зубов и поддерживающих их тканей.
As a general rule, the earlier a decaying tooth is detected, the easier the treatment would be to fix it.	Кандидозный стоматит – это разновидность грибковой инфекции, которая возникает в результате чрезмерного роста организма, известного как Candidaalbicans.
Healthy food is good for your general health and your oral health.	Неудаленный налет образует пористое отложение, которое называется зубной камень.

Task 5.Translate the given sentences into Russian, close your book and translate them back into English.

1. Dental caries is characterized by demineralization of the mineral portion of enamel and dentine followed by disintegration of their organic material.

2. In order to maintain a good oral hygiene you need to keep the teeth free ofplaque.

3. Some pre cancerous lesions often are found by dentist when a patient comes for checking up.

4. You can use a soft-bristle toothbrush to brush your teeth and brush at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste to remove plaque and bacteria.

5. Make flossing your habit and do it regularly.

6. A proper nutrition is important for strong teeth and gums that can resist diseases.

7. Smoking is a major risk factor for oral and dental disease, it may even cause oral cancer.

8. Dental caries is another name for tooth decay where bacterial infection affects the hard outer layer of the teeth.

9. Periodontal disease is a bacterial infection that destroys the supporting structures holding the teeth in their place.

10. Tobacco reduces blood flow to the gums therefore, the gums are deprived of proper oxygen supply and nutrients needed to stay healthy and prevent bacterial infections.

Task 6.Retell the text.