chernikov_c_v_ishchenko_e_n_komissarova_e_s_metodologiya_nau

2

Ki_pbnbdZ gZmqgh]h ihagZgby

IhagZgb_ hdjm`Zxs_]h fbjZ y\ey_lky \Z`g_crbf we_f_glhf q_eh\_q_kdhc `bag_^_yl_evghklb Hgh jZa\b\Z_lky b kh\_jr_gkl\m_lky \ l_kghc k\yab k h[ s_kl\_gghc ijZdlbdhc dhlhjmx fh`gh hij_^_eblv dZd fZl_jbZevgh_ hk\h_gb_ h[s_kl\_gguf q_eh\_dhf hdjm`Zxs_]h fbjZ IjZdlbq_kdb h\eZ^_\Zy hdjm `Zxs_c ^_ckl\bl_evghklvx ex^b kha^Zxl b ij_h[jZah\u\Zxl fZl_jbZevgu_ ij_^f_lu ijhba\h^yl kj_^kl\Z m^h\e_l\hj_gby k\hbo ihlj_[ghkl_c b l_f kZ fuf ih^^_j`b\Zxl b jZa\b\Zxl ijhp_kk kh[kl\_gghc `bagb < lh `_ \j_fy wnn_dlb\ghklv ijZdlbdb gZijyfmx k\yaZgZ k dZq_kl\hf b mjh\g_f jZa\blby q_eh\_q_kdh]h ihagZgby IjZdlbdZ q_eh\_dZ hkgh\u\Z_lky gZ jZamf_ hgZ y\ey _lky p_e_khh[jZaghc ^_yl_evghklvx JZamfguc oZjZdl_j ijZdlbq_kdhc ^_y l_evghklb ij_^iheZ]Z_l ij_^\Zjbl_evgh_ ijh^mfu\Zgb_ ijh]jZffu ^_ckl\bc hp_gdm \hafh`guo kj_^kl\ b mkeh\bc ^hklb`_gby p_eb ihkljh_gb_ ieZgZ ^_y l_evghklb Ke_^h\Zl_evgh lhevdh \_jgh_ b ]em[hdh_ hljZ`_gb_ j_Zebc hdjm `Zxs_]h fbjZ b ijbf_g_gb_ wlbo agZgbc gZ ^_e_ h[_ki_qb\Z_l wnn_dlb\ghklv ijZdlbq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb hilbfbabjm_l ijhp_kk q_eh\_q_kdh]h hk\h_gby

k\h_c `bag_gghc kj_^u

IhagZgb_ b agZgb_ jZaebqZxlky dZd ijhp_kk b j_amevlZl IhagZgb_ – wlh

ki_pbZebabjh\ZggZy ^_yl_evghklv ih ijhba\h^kl\m bklbggh]h agZgby agZgby \_jgh hljZ`Zxs_]h nZdlu b aZdhgu hdjm`Zxs_c ^_ckl\bl_evghklb Ijhp_kk

ihagZgby \_kvfZ fgh]h]jZg_g <h-i_j\uo ihagZgb_ jZaebqZ_lky k\h_c ]em[b

ghc mjh\g_f ijhn_kkbhgZebafZ bkihevah\Zgb_f bklhqgbdh\ b kj_^kl\ K wlhc klhjhgu \u^_eyxlky h[u^_ggu_ b gZmqgu_ agZgby I_j\u_ g_ y\eyxlky j_ amevlZlhf ijhn_kkbhgZevghc ^_yl_evghklb b \ ijbgpbi_ ijbkmsb ex[hfm bg ^b\b^m <lhjhc \b^ agZgby \hagbdZ_l \ j_amevlZl_ ]em[hdh ki_pbZebabjh\Zg ghc lj_[mxs_c ijhn_kkbhgZevghc ih^]hlh\db ^_yl_evghklb gZau\Z_fhc gZ

mqguf ihagZgb_f

39

I_ljh\ X : Gbdbnhjh\ : E Eh]bdZ b f_lh^heh]by gZmqgh]h ihagZgby F

1982. – k

I_q_gdbg : : H[hkgh\Zgb_ gZmqghc l_hjbb deZkkbdZ b kh\j_f_gghklv F

1991. – k

Ihii_j D Eh]bdZ b jhkl gZmqgh]h agZgby F – k Kh\j_f_ggZy nbehkhnby gZmdb oj_klhfZlby F – k

L_hj_lbq_kdh_ b wfibjbq_kdh_ \ kh\j_f_gghf gZmqghf ihagZgbb F

– k

L_hjbb ihagZgby b gZmqghc f_lh^heh]bb < -o dg F

N_c_jZ[_g^ I Ba[jZggu_ ljm^u ih f_lh^heh]bb gZmdb F – k Nbehkhnby b f_lh^heh]by gZmdb < -o q F

Qm^bgh\ W F Ijbjh^Z gZmqghc bklbgu F – k R\ujz\ < K GZmqgh_ ihagZgb_ dZd ^_yl_evghklv F – k

KhklZ\bl_eb Q_jgbdh\ FboZbe <Zkbev_\bq

Bs_gdh ?e_gZ GbdheZ_\gZ

DhfbkkZjh\Z We_hghjZ K_j]__\gZ

K_j_[jydh\Z WffZ KZfmbeh\gZ

J_^Zdlhj ;mgbgZ L >

38

J_dhf_g^m_fZy ebl_jZlmjZ

:e_dk__\ I < IZgbg : < L_hjby ihagZgby b ^bZe_dlbdZ F – k :g^jhk ? B BklbgZ dZd ijh[e_fZ khagZgby b fbjh\haaj_gby Db_\ –

k

;mj]bg F K Dmag_ph\ < B <\_^_gb_ \ kh\j_f_ggmx lhqgmx f_lh^heh]bx gZmdb mq_[gh_ ihkh[b_ F – k

=Zc^_gdh < I W\hexpby ihgylby gZmdb KlZgh\e_gb_ b jZa\blb_ i_j\uo gZmqguo ijh]jZff F – k

=Zc^_gdh < I W\hexpby ihgylby gZmdb ;9,,-X9,,, \\ Nhjfbjh\Zgb_ gZmqguo ijh]jZff Gh\h]h \j_f_gb F – k

B^_Zeu b ghjfu gZmqgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby Fbgkd – k Bevbg < < DZebgdbg : L Ijbjh^Z gZmdb F – k DZkZ\bg B L IhagZgb_ \ fbj_ ljZ^bpbc F – k

Dhigbg I < =ghk_heh]bq_kdb_ b eh]bq_kdb_ hkgh\u gZmdb F – 568

k

DjZ\_p < K B^_Zeu b b^heu gZmdb <hjhg_` – k

Dmag_ph\ < = =_jf_g_\lbdZ b ]mfZgblZjgh_ ihagZgb_ F – k Dmg L KljmdlmjZ gZmqguo j_\hexpbc F – k.

EZdZlhk B F_lh^heh]by gZmqguo bkke_^h\Zl_evkdbo ijh]jZff <hijhku nb

ehkhnbb ‹ – K -154.

E_dlhjkdbc < : Km[t_dl h[t_dl ihagZgb_ F – k FZed_c F GZmdZ b khpbheh]by agZgby F – k

FZfqmj ? : Ijh[e_fu khpbhdmevlmjghc ^_l_jfbgZpbb gZmqgh]h agZgby D ^bkdmkkbyf \ kh\j_f_gghc ihklihablb\bklkdhc nbehkhnbb gZmdb F – 125 k

GZmqgZy dZjlbgZ fbjZ hkgh\Zgby nhjfbjh\Zgb_ jZa\blb_ MnZ –

k

H]mjph\ : I >bkpbiebgZjgZy kljmdlmjZ gZmdb F – k

3

Hlebqb_ gZmqgh]h ihagZgby hl h[u^_ggh]h \ujZ`Z_lky \ p_ehf jy^_ ijb agZdh\ GZmdZ \ujZ[Zlu\Z_l ki_pbZevguc yaud ^ey hibkZgby gZmqguo h[t_dlh\ >_eh \ lhf qlh ohly gZmdZ b ihevam_lky _kl_kl\_gguf yaudhf hgZ g_ fh`_l hib jZlvky lhevdh gZ g_]h <h-i_j\uo h[u^_gguc _kl_kl\_gguc yaud ijbkihkh[e_g ^ey hibkZgby dhgdj_lguo `bag_gguo kblmZpbc g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ^Zgghc j_Zevgh klb Z gZmdZ klj_fblky ijhgbdgmlv \ kmsghklv y\e_gbc \h-\lhjuo ihgylby h[u ^_ggh]h yaudZ dZd ijZ\beh g_q_ldb b fgh]hagZqgu gZmd_ `_ lj_[m_lky ih \ha fh`ghklb h^ghagZqguc kljh]h hij_^_e_gguc yaud

GZjy^m k bkdmkkl\_gguf ki_pbZebabjh\Zgguf yaudhf gZmqgh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ gm`^Z_lky \ hkh[hc kbkl_f_ ki_pbZevguo hjm^bc dhlhju_ bkihevamxlky ^ey ih klZgh\db gZmqguo hiulh\ b dhgljhey aZ bo j_amevlZlZfb Hlkx^Z – g_h[oh^bfhklv ki_pbZevghc gZmqghc ZiiZjZlmju iha\heyxs_c gZmd_ bamqZlv gh\u_ lbiu h[t_d lh\

Ki_pbnbq_kdhc q_jlhc gZmqgh]h ihagZgby \ hlebqb_ hl h[u^_ggh]h y\ey_lky lZd`_ kihkh[ hj]ZgbaZpbb b h[hkgh\Zgby ihemq_gguo agZgbc >ey gZmdb oZjZd l_jgZ kbkl_fgZy hj]ZgbaZpby agZgbc GZmqgh_ agZgb_ – wlh g_ gZ[hj hl^_evguo iheh`_gbc b ijb]h^guo ^ey ijZdlbq_kdh]h bkihevah\Zgby j_p_ilh\ GZmqgh_ agZ gb_ – wlh kbkl_fZ \aZbfhk\yaZgguo \aZbfhkh]eZkmxsboky l_hjbc GZmdZ nhjfb jm_l ki_pbnbq_kdb_ bklbgghklb agZgbc Kx^Z hlghkblky wdki_jbf_glZevguc dhgljhev aZ ihemqZ_fuf agZgb_f Z lZd`_ lj_[h\Zgb_ eh]bq_ kdb g_ijhlb\hj_qb\hc \u\h^bfhklb h^gbo agZgbc ba ^jm]bo bklbgghklv dhlhjuo m`_ ^hdZaZgZ Ijhp_^mju \u\h^bfhklb h[_ki_qb\Zxl i_j_ghk bklbgghklb k h^gbo njZ]f_glh\ gZmqgh]h agZgby gZ ^jm]b_ b ^_eZxl hl^_evgu_ agZgby k\yaZggufb f_`^m kh[hc hj]Zgbah\Zggufb \ kbkl_fm

GZdhg_p _s_ h^gh kms_kl\_ggh_ hlebqb_ gZmqgh]h ihagZgby hl h[u^_ggh]h aZdexqZ_lky \ f_lh^Zo ihagZ\Zl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb H[t_dlu gZ dhlhju_ gZ ijZ\e_gh h[u^_ggh_ ihagZgb_ ^Zgu q_eh\_dm \ _]h g_ihkj_^kl\_gghc ijZdlbd_ Ijb_fu ihkj_^kl\hf dhlhjuo \u^_ey_lky b bkke_^m_lky dZ`^uc lZdhc h[t_dl

4

dZd ijZ\beh g_ hkhagZxlky km[t_dlhf \ dZq_kl\_ ki_pbnbq_kdh]h f_lh^Z ihagZ gby BgZq_ h[klhbl ^_eh \ gZmqghf ihagZgbb < gZmd_ bamq_gb_ h[t_dlh\ \uy\e_ gb_ bo k\hckl\ b k\ya_c \k_]^Z khijh\h`^Z_lky hkhagZgb_f f_lh^h\ bkke_^h\Zgby B q_f ^Zevr_ hloh^bl gZmdZ hl ijb\uqguo \_s_c ih\k_^g_\gh]h hiulZ jZkrbjyy kn_jm gZmqgh]h ihbkdZ l_f ykg__ b hlq_leb\__ ijhy\ey_lky g_h[oh^bfhklv \ hkha gZgbb f_lh^h\ gZmqgh]h ihagZgby GZjy^m kh agZgb_f h[ bamqZ_fuo h[t_dlZo nhjfbjmxlky agZgby h f_lh^Zo gZmqghc ^_yl_evghklb qlh gZ \ukrbo wlZiZo jZa \blby l_hj_lbq_kdh]h kihkh[Z hljZ`_gby fbjZ ijb\h^bl d nhjfbjh\Zgbx gh\hc ^bkpbiebgu – f_lh^heh]bb dZd hkh[hc hljZkeb gZmqgh]h agZgby ijba\Zgghc \u y\eylv f_lh^heh]bq_kdb_ hkgh\u gZmqguo bkke_^h\Zgbc b gZijZ\eylv gZmqguc ihbkd

K ^jm]hc klhjhgu gZmqgh_ ihagZgb_ ijbgylh hlebqZlv hl om^h`_kl\_ggh]h.

Om^h`_kl\_ggh_ ihagZgb_ hljZ`Z_l ^_ckl\bl_evghklv \ h[jZaghc nhjf_ Hkgh\ guf kj_^kl\hf wkl_lbq_kdh]h kihkh[Z hk\h_gby ^_ckl\bl_evghklb y\ey_lky om^h `_kl\_gguc h[jZa \ dhlhjhf dZd ijZ\beh l_kgh kieZ\e_gu f_`^m kh[hc h[jZa gh_ hljZ`_gb_ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb b wfhpbhgZevgh-hp_ghqgZy ihabpby Z\lhjZ- om^h`gbdZ < wlhf ieZg_ om^h`_kl\_ggh_ fure_gb_ qZklh oZjZdl_jbamxl dZd fure_gb_ \ h[jZaZo GZmqgh_ ihagZgb_ \ ijhlb\h\_k om^h`_kl\_gghfm bf__l ij_bfms_kl\_ggh ihgylbcgmx nhjfm IhgylbcgZy nhjfZ [he__ Z[kljZdlgZ [he__ m^Ze_gZ hl wfhpbhgZevgh-qm\kl\_gghc kn_ju ih kjZ\g_gbx k h[jZaghc nhjfhc Djhf_ lh]h gZmqgu_ ihgylby gZmqgu_ l_hjbb klj_fylky d [_ahp_ghqghfm hljZ `_gbx h[t_dlb\ghc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb ebqghklv mq_gh]h-Z\lhjZ g_ ^he`gZ \ebylv gZ kh^_j`Zgb_ gZmqghc l_hjbb

OZjZdl_jbamy ijhp_kk ihagZgby \ p_ehf fh`gh \u^_eblv _]h hl^_evgu_ kh klZ\eyxsb_ we_f_glu < i_j\mx hq_j_^v d gbf hlghkylky km[t_dl b h[t_dl ih agZgby Km[t_dl ihagZgby – wlh lhl dlh j_Zebam_l ihagZ\Zl_evguc ijhp_kk y\ey _lky bgbpbZlhjhf ihemq_gby gh\h]h agZgby H[t_dl ihagZgby – wlh lh gZ qlh gZ ijZ\e_g ihagZ\Zl_evguc ijhp_kk lh qlh bkke_^m_lky km[t_dlhf ihagZgby Bgh]^Z

37

Kms_kl\m_l lhevdh h^gZ m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgZy bgl_jij_lZpby-h[tykg_gb_ ih emq_ggh]h j_amevlZlZ dhgdmjbjmxsbo bgl_jij_lZpbc g_l gh l_hjbb Zevl_jgZ lb\gu_ lhc dhlhjZy h[_ki_qb\Z_l bgl_jij_lZpbx kms_kl\mxl G_ [m^mqb \ kh klhygbb ^Zlv m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh_ bklhedh\Zgb_ jZkkfZljb\Z_fhfm wdki_jbf_g lZevghfm j_amevlZlm hgb g_iehoh Z \hafh`gh b emqr_ q_f ^ZggZy l_hjby h[t ykgyxl ^jm]b_ wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ ^Zggu_ beb emqr_ «kijZ\eyxlky» k g_dhlhju fb l_hj_lbq_kdbfb ljm^ghklyfb < lZdhc kblmZpbb «j_rbl_evgh» ih^l\_j`^Zx sbc l_hjbx j_amevlZl mqblu\Z_lky ijb hp_gd_ l_hjbb gh hkgh\hc ^ey \u[hjZ f_`^m dhgdmjbjmxsbfb l_hjbyfb g_ kem`bl

Wdki_jbf_glZevguc j_amevlZl ihemqZ_l hij_^_e_ggh_ l_hj_lbq_kdh_ bk lhedh\Zgb_ Gh kms_kl\m_l b dhgdmjbjmxsZy bgl_jij_lZpby-h[tykg_gb_ _]h m^Z _lky bklhedh\Zlv \ jZfdZo Zevl_jgZlb\ghc l_hjbb Ijbq_f l_hjby h[_ki_qb\Zx sZy Zevl_jgZlb\gh_ bklhedh\Zgb_ y\ey_lky nmg^Zf_glZevghc hijZ\^Z\r_c k_[y ijb h[tykg_gbb [hevrh]h djm]Z nZdlh\ < lZdhc kblmZpbb ihy\ey_lky \hafh` ghklv jZkkfZljb\Zlv j_amevlZl wdki_jbf_glZ dZd ih^l\_j`^Zxsbc h[_ Zevl_jgZ lb\gu_ l_hjbb B ebrv ihke_ hdhgqZl_evghc «ih[_^u» b mklZgh\e_gby gh\hc l_h jbb h]ey^u\Zykv gZaZ^ ^Zgguc wdki_jbf_gl gZqbgZ_l \hkijbgbfZlvky dZd ih^ l\_j`^Zxsbc wlm l_hjbx

LZdbf h[jZahf bkke_^h\Zgb_ ijh[e_fu ijZdlbq_kdhc ijh\_jdb l_hj_lbq_ kdhc dhgp_ipbb ihdZau\Z_l qlh lZdZy ijh\_jdZ ijbf_gbl_evgh d dhgdj_lguf h[ klhyl_evkl\Zf g_ y\ey_lky «ijhkluf» ^_ehf b g_ ^Z_l f]gh\_ggh]h h^ghagZqgh]h j_amevlZlZ HiulgZy ijh\_jdZ y\ey_lky g_h[oh^bfuf gh \ dZ`^uc l_dmsbc fh f_gl g_^hklZlhqguf kj_^kl\hf mklZgh\e_gby bklbgghklb l_hjbb Ihklb`_gb_ bklbgu – ^ebl_evguc keh`guc ijhp_kk gh g_ h^ghfhf_glgh_ «ko\Zlu\Zgb_».

IjZ]fZlbdZ fure_gby k h[yaZl_evghklvx ^he`gZ mqblu\Zlv keh`guc ihbkdh\uc oZjZdl_j ^hklb`_gby bklbgu

36

>Ze__ iheZ]Z_lky qlh bkke_^h\Zl_evkdZy ijh]jZffZ fh`_l kqblZlvky h[_ki_qb \Zxs_c ijh]j_kkb\guc k^\b] ijh[e_f gZoh^blky \ klZ^bb ijh]j_kkb\gh]h jZa\b lby _keb _z l_hj_lbq_kdbc jhkl hi_j_`Z_l wfibjbq_kdbc lh _klv _keb hgZ khojZ gy_l kihkh[ghklv ^_eZlv ohly [u qZklbqgh hijZ\^u\Zxsb_ky ij_^kdZaZgby gh\uo nZdlh\ ?keb wfibjbq_kdbc jhkl bkke_^h\Zl_evkdhc ijh]jZffu hi_j_`Z_l _z l_h j_lbq_kdbc jhkl lh _klv _keb hgZ g_ ij_^kdZau\Z_l gh\uo nZdlh\ ohly b hdZau\Z _lky _sz kihkh[ghc h[tykgylv l_ nZdlu dhlhju_ ij_^kdZaZgu gZ hkgh\_ khi_jgb qZxs_c k g_c bkke_^h\Zl_evkdhc ijh]jZffu ke_^m_l iheZ]Zlv qlh hgZ i_j_klZeZ [ulv ijh]j_kkb\ghc b gZoh^blky \ khklhygbb klZ]gZpbb aZklhy LZdbf h[jZahf ijb kjZ\g_gbb ^\mo khi_jgbqZxsbo bkke_^h\Zl_evkdbo ijh]jZff jZpbhgZevguf iheZ]Z_lky \u[hj lhc dhlhjZy h[_ki_qb\Z_l ijh]j_kkb\guc k^\b] ijh[e_f

Ijb \k_c wnn_dlb\ghklb dhgp_ipbb EZdZlhkZ \ dhlhjhc hdZaZebkv m^Zqgh hljZ`_ggufb hkh[_gghklb j_Zevgh]h ijhp_kkZ hp_gdb l_hjbc gZ^h hlf_lblv qlh \hijhk h[ bklbgghklb l_hjbb a^_kv nZdlbq_kdb g_ klZ\blky Hg ih^f_gy_lky \h ijhkhf h ij_^ihqlbl_evghklb l_hjbb ih kjZ\g_gbx k dhgdmjbjmxs_c H j_rZx s_f ih^l\_j`^_gbb beb hijh\_j`_gbb l_hjbb kh klhjhgu wfibjbq_kdbo nZdlh\ j_qv a^_kv ijhklh g_ b^_l

L_f g_ f_g__ hiulgZy ijh\_jdZ l_hjbb y\ey_lky g_h[oh^bfhc khklZ\ghc qZklvx gZmqgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby gh dZdmx jhev ku]jZ_l ijh\_jhqguc wdki_jbf_g lZevguc j_amevlZl – [m^_l eb hg kqblZlvky hkgh\hc ^ey hdhgqZl_evgh]h \u[hjZ f_`^m l_hj_lbq_kdbfb dhgp_ipbyfb \uklmibl eb \_kdbf Zj]mf_glhf \ kihj_ f_`^m gbfb beb \hh[s_ ^h ihju ^h \j_f_gb g_ [m^_l ijbgyl \h \gbfZgb_ aZ\bkbl hl jy^Z h[klhyl_evkl\ Ijb wlhf \hafh`gu ke_^mxsb_ kblmZpbb

G_ kms_kl\m_l Zevl_jgZlb\guo l_hj_lbq_kdbo kbkl_f ij_l_g^mxsbo gZ bklhedh\Zgb_ ihemq_ggh]h wdki_jbf_glZevgh]h j_amevlZlZ \ k\yab k q_f dhgdmjb jmxsbo bgl_jij_lZpbc-h[tykg_gbc g_ \hagbdZ_l < wlhf kemqZ_ wdki_jbf_gl fh `_l hdZaZlvky hq_gv \_kdbf Zj]mf_glhf ijb hp_gd_ ]bihl_au

5

ijb [he__ ^_lZevghc oZjZdl_jbklbd_ ijhp_kkZ ihagZgby gZjy^m k h[t_dlhf ihagZ gby \u^_eyxl lZd`_ ij_^f_l ihagZgby Ij_^f_l ihagZgby ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc hij_^_e_gguc kj_a beb Zki_dl h[t_dlZ ihagZgby g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh \h\e_q_gguc \ kn_jm dhgdj_lghc bkke_^h\Zl_evkdhc aZ^Zqb H[t_dl ihagZgby fh`_l dZd [u jZk keZb\Zlvky gZ jZaebqgu_ ij_^f_lu ihagZgby LZd gZijbf_j q_eh\_d [m^mqb h[t _dlhf ihagZgby lZdbo gZmd dZd nbabheh]by b ikboheh]by \ lh `_ \j_fy jZkdju\Z _lky dZ`^hc ba wlbo gZmd \ kh[kl\_gghf Zki_dl_ qlh b hij_^_ey_l jZaebqb_ bo ij_^f_lh\ ihagZgby

<aZbfhhlghr_gby f_`^m km[t_dlhf b h[t_dlhf ihagZgby khklZ\eyxsb_ kmlv ijhp_kkZ ihagZgby y\eyxlky ij_^f_lhf bamq_gby hkh[hc gZmdb – ]ghk_heh]bb hl ]j_q ]ghkbk – agZgb_ =ghk_heh]by dZd h[sZy l_hjby ihagZgby ijbh[j_lZ_l klZlmk kZfhklhyl_evghc ^bkpbiebgu gZqbgZy k wihob Gh\h]h \j_f_gb KlZ gh\e_gb_ bg^mkljbZevgh]h h[s_kl\Z dZiblZebklbq_kdbo hlghr_gbc ijhbkoh ^ys__ \ Gh\h_ \j_fy ihklZ\beh i_j_^ q_eh\_dhf gh\u_ ijZdlbq_kdb- ij_h[jZah\Zl_evgu_ aZ^Zqb dhlhju_ g_evay [ueh j_rblv gb gZ mjh\g_ h[u ^_ggh]h gb gZ mjh\g_ ki_dmeylb\gh-nbehkhnkdh]h beb j_eb]bhagh]h fure_ gby khklZ\ey\rbo hkgh\ghc Zjk_gZe fukebl_evguo j_kmjkh\ \ ljZ^bpbhgghf h[s_kl\_ L_i_jv ihlj_[h\Zehkv ]hjZa^h [he__ ]em[hdh_ b [he__ ^_lZevgh_ ijhgbdgh\_gb_ \ ijbjh^m h[t_dlb\ghc j_Zevghklb ihkdhevdm lhevdh lhqgh_ ihagZgb_ h[t_dlb\guo aZdhgh\ ijbjh^gh]h fbjZ fh]eh k^_eZlv ih-gZklhys_fm wnn_dlb\guf ijhfure_ggh_ ijhba\h^kl\h – hkgh\m gh\h]h lbiZ ohayckl\h\Z gby Gh\u_ aZ^Zqb klZ\rb_ i_j_^ q_eh\_dhf h[mkeh\beb \hagbdgh\_gb_ b ihke_^mxsbc jZkp\_l gZmdb kh\j_f_ggh]h lbiZ hkgh\Zgghc gZ wdki_jbf_gl_ hiul_ b rbjhdhf bkihevah\Zgbb lhqguo dhebq_kl\_gguo f_lh^h\ f_lh^h\ fZl_fZlbq_kdbo ^bkpbiebg < k\hx hq_j_^v j_ne_dkby gZ^ ijh[e_fZfb \ha gbdZxsbfb gZ imlb gZmqgh]h ijhgbdgh\_gby \ lZcgu ijbjh^u bgbpbbjh\ZeZ rbjhdh_ jZa\blb_ ]ghk_heh]bb dZd hkh[hc hljZkeb gZmqgh-nbehkhnkdh]h agZ gby

6

GZ^h h^gZdh hlf_lblv qlh oZjZdl_jgZy ^ey ]ghk_heh]bb Gh\h]h \j_f_gb ljZdlh\dZ \aZbfhhlghr_gbc f_`^m km[t_dlhf b h[t_dlhf ihagZgby y\eyeZkv qj_af_jgh mijhs_gghc Km[t_dlhf ihagZgby kqblZeky hl^_evguc bg^b\b^ mq_ guc fukebl_ev lh _klv – dhgdj_lguc q_eh\_d aZgbfZxsbcky ihagZ\Zl_evghc ^_yl_evghklvx H[t_dl ihagZgby jZkkfZljb\Zeky dZd g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh km[t_dlm ^Zgguc lh _klv ijhklh dZd fbj ijhlb\hklhysbc q_eh\_dm b kem`Zsbc ij_^f_lhf _]h [_kdhjuklgh]h ihagZ\Zl_evgh]h bgl_j_kZ KZfh `_ hlghr_gb_ f_`^m km[t_d lhf b h[t_dlhf ihagZgby ihgbfZehkv dZd iZkkb\gh_ \hkijbylb_ dZd a_jdZevgh_ hlh[jZ`_gb_ km[t_dlhf khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h h[t_dlZ ihagZgby

H^gZdh ihke_^mxs__ jZa\blb_ ]ghk_heh]bb ijb\_eh d agZqbl_evguf \b^hba f_g_gbyf \ wlhc dZjlbg_ Ihkl_i_ggh \uykgbehkv qlh km[t_dl ihagZgby g_ _klv hl^_evguc bg^b\b^ kZfhklhyl_evgh ijhgbdZxsbc \ lZcgu ijbjh^u Km[t_dlhf ihagZgby ih kms_kl\m y\ey_lky h[s_kl\h Z dhgdj_lguc mq_guc _klv ebrv ij_^ klZ\bl_ev h[s_kl\Z g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh mqZkl\mxsbc \ ihagZ\Zl_evghc ^_yl_evgh klb Ij_^klZ\e_gghklv h[s_kl\Z \ dhgdj_lghf bg^b\b^_ ijhy\ey_lky \_kvfZ fgh ]h]jZggh \ \b^_ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo khpbZevgh h[mkeh\e_gguo ihlj_[ghkl_c p_ e_c aZ^Zq \ \b^_ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo gZ\udh\ kihkh[ghkl_c mf_gbc bgdhjihjbjh \Zgguo \dexq_gguo \ q_eh\_q_kdmx km[t_dlghklv gZdhg_p \ \b^_ khhl\_lkl \mxsbo fZl_jbZevguo mkeh\bc ihagZ\Zl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb ij_^klZ\ey_fuo bg^b\b^m ihf_s_gbc ijb[hjh\ fZl_jbZeh\ b l ^ Ihwlhfm km[t_dl ihagZgby g_ fh`_l [ulv jZkkfZljb\Z_f \ hlju\_ hl h[s_kl\Z \ \b^_ g_dh_]h «]ghk_heh]bq_ kdh]h Jh[bgahgZ» Km[t_dl ihagZgby bf__l keh`gmx khpbhdmevlmjgmx hij_^_ e_gghklv

H[t_dl ihagZgby lZd`_ g_ ^he`_g ihgbfZlvky mijhs_ggh Qlh[u g_dbc njZ] f_gl h[t_dlb\gh]h fbjZ kfh] \uklmiblv \ dZq_kl\_ h[t_dlZ ihagZgby hg i_j\hgZ qZevgh ^he`_g [ulv \dexq_g \ kn_jm ijZdlbq_kdbo bgl_j_kh\ q_eh\_dZ A\_a^gh_ g_[h kms_kl\h\Zeh \k_]^Z gh lhevdh ihke_ lh]h dZd ^\b`_gb_ a\_a^ hdZaZehkv k\y aZgguf k q_eh\_q_kdbfb ijZdlbq_kdbfb aZ^ZqZfb [m^v lh ij_^kdZaZgby km^v[u

35

K [he__ j_Zebklbq_kdbo ihabpbc d ijh[e_f_ \u[hjZ bklbgghc gZmqghc l_hjbb ih^hr_e B EZdZlhk < hlebqb_ hl k\hbo ij_^r_kl\_ggbdh\ hg mqblu\Z_l j_Zev gmx keh`ghklv ijhp_^mju wfibjbq_kdhc hp_gdb l_hjbc < _]h dhgp_ipbb gZoh^bl hljZ`_gb_ l_hj_lbq_kdZy gZ]jm`_gghklv wdki_jbf_glZevgh]h j_amevlZlZ dZd ml \_j`^Z_l EZdZlhk \ ijhp_kk_ wfibjbq_kdhc ijh\_jdb ^jm] ^jm]m ijhlb\hklhyl g_ l_hjby b wdki_jbf_glZevguc nZdl Z kdhj__ ^\_ l_hjbb h^gZ ba gbo bgl_jij_lbjm _l wdki_jbf_glZevguc j_amevlZl ^jm]Zy h[tykgy_l _]h b khhlghkblky k gbf mqb lu\Z_lky qlh ijb hp_gd_ l_hjbc hgb kjZ\gb\Zxlky g_ lhevdh k wdki_jbf_glZev gufb ^Zggufb gh b k Zevl_jgZlb\gufb l_hjbyfb

Kh]eZkgh EZdZlhkm \ j_Zevghc gZmd_ hkms_kl\ey_lky hp_gdZ b ijbgylb_ g_ hl^_evghc l_hjbb Z bkke_^h\Zl_evkdhc ijh]jZffu – k_jbb l_hjbc k\yaZgguo _^bguf «l\_j^uf y^jhf» ij_^klZ\eyxsbf kh[hc kh\hdmighklv ml\_j`^_gbc h kljmdlmj_ bkke_^m_fh]h Zki_dlZ j_Zevghklb Wlb ml\_j`^_gby wdki_jbf_glZevgh g_ ijh\_jy_fu \ jZfdZo ^Zgghc bkke_^h\Zl_evkdhc ijh]jZffu hgb iheZ]Zxlky g_hijh\_j`bfufb b aZsbsZxlky \k_c j_Zebamxs_cky ihke_^h\Zl_evghklvx l_h jbc

GZ hkgh\_ lZdbo ij_^klZ\e_gbc m^Z_lky mklZgh\blv djbl_jbc kjZ\g_gby b hl[hjZ gZb[he__ i_jki_dlb\guo gZmqguo l_hjbc >ey nhjfmebjh\db djbl_jby EZdZlhk \\h^bl ihgylby «ijh]j_kkb\gh]h» b «j_]j_kkb\gh]h» k^\b]Z ijh[e_f

«l_hj_lbq_kdb ijh]j_kkb\ghc» b «wfibjbq_kdb ijh]j_kkb\ghc» bkke_^h\Zl_ev kdbo ijh]jZff < jZfdZo _]h dhgp_ipbb bkke_^h\Zl_evkdZy ijh]jZffZ kqblZ_lky l_hj_lbq_kdb ijh]j_kkb\ghc _keb dZ`^Zy gh\Zy l_hjby \ k_jbb l_hjbc jZajZ[Z lu\Z_fuo \ oh^_ j_ZebaZpbb bkke_^h\Zl_evkdhc ijh]jZffu h[eZ^Z_l [hevrbf wfibjbq_kdbf kh^_j`Zgb_f ih kjZ\g_gbx kh k\hbfb ij_^r_kl\_ggbpZfb wlh \ujZ`Z_lky \ lhf qlh hgZ ij_^kdZau\Z_l gh\u_ nZdlu g_ h`b^Z\rb_ky gZ hkgh\_ ij_^r_kl\mxsbo _c l_hjbc ?keb d lhfm `_ ohly [u qZklv wlh]h gh\h]h kh^_j`Z gby ih^l\_j`^Z_lky bkke_^h\Zl_evkdZy ijh]jZffZ oZjZdl_jbam_lky dZd wfibjbq_ kdb ijh]j_kkb\gZy

34

<hafh`ghklv khojZg_gby l_hj_lbq_kdhc kbkl_fu ijb \klj_q_ k j_amevlZlZfb

«j_rZxsbo» wdki_jbf_glh\ hij_^_ey_lky kbkl_fguf oZjZdl_jhf l_hj_lbq_kdh ]h agZgby Kbkl_fguc oZjZdl_j l_hjbb _z p_ehklghklv \aZbfhaZ\bkbfhklv _z dhfihg_glh\ kha^Zxl ij_^ihkuedb ^ey g_h^ghagZqghklb \ ljZdlh\d_ ijbqbg g_kh hl\_lkl\by ij_^kdZaZgbc l_hjbb wdki_jbf_glZevghfm j_amevlZlm Ijhlb\hj_qb_ f_`^m l_hjb_c b wlbf j_amevlZlhf fh`_l k\b^_l_evkl\h\Zlv h g_h[oh^bfhklb hl dZaZ hl bkoh^guo ijbgpbih\ l_hjbb gh \ jZ\ghc f_j_ hgh fh`_l ]h\hjblv h g_ \_jghklb h^gh]h ba i_jbn_jbq_kdbo iheh`_gbc l_hj_lbq_kdhc kbkl_fu b [ulv mkljZg_gh \\_^_gb_f \ g_z ^hihegbl_evgh]h ^hims_gby < h[s_f kemqZ_ l_hj_lb q_kdZy kbkl_fZ \k_]^Z fh`_l [ulv i_j_kljh_gZ ijb khojZg_gbb k\hbo «y^_jguo» iheh`_gbc lZdbf h[jZahf qlh[u ³hijZ\^Zlv´ g_m^Zqm wdki_jbf_glZ Djhf_ lh]h ijhlb\hj_qb_ f_`^m l_hjb_c b wdki_jbf_glhf fh`_l dhk\_ggh mdZau\Zlv gZ g_ mihjy^hq_gghklv ijbgpbih\ l_hjbb eb[h gZdhg_p [ulv ke_^kl\b_f g_\_jghc bgl_jij_lZpbb kZfh]h wdki_jbf_glZevgh]h j_amevlZlZ

Kms_kl\m_l b _sz h^gZ ljm^ghklv k\yaZggZy k ijh[e_fhc wfibjbq_kdhc ijh\_jdb gZmqghc l_hjbb J_qv b^_l h l_hj_lbq_kdhc «gZ]jm`_gghklb» kZfh]h wdki_jbf_glZevgh]h nZdlZ Fu m`_ hlf_qZeb qlh lZdh\Zy \k_]^Z bf__l f_klh – ex[h_ ijh\_^_gb_ b bgl_jij_lZpby wdki_jbf_glZ ij_^iheZ]Z_l ij_^ihkuehqgmx dZl_]hjbZevgmx ko_fm hkgh\u\Zxsmxky gZ hij_^_e_gguo l_hj_lbq_kdbo iheh `_gbyo ;he__ lh]h wdki_jbf_gl ijba\Zgguc ih^l\_j^blv beb hijh\_j]gmlv l_h jbx fh`_l \uihegblv k\hx nmgdpbx ebrv [eZ]h^Zjy lhfm qlh kZf \uklmiZ_l \ dhgl_dkl_ ijh\_jy_fhc l_hjbb hg «klZ\blky» ih^ l_hjbx ieZgbjm_lky gZ _z hkgh \Zgbb l_hjby ih^kdZau\Z_l kZfm b^_x wdki_jbf_glZ mkeh\by _]h j_ZebaZpbb GZ dhg_p ijh\_jy_fZy l_hjby \h\e_dZ_lky b \ bgl_jij_lZpbx ihemq_ggh]h j_amevlZ lZ dZd [u mqZkl\my lZdbf h[jZahf \ \ug_k_gbb kh[kl\_ggh]h ijb]h\hjZ Dhg_qgh k mq_lhf \k_]h wlh]h wdki_jbf_glZevgZy ijh\_jdZ bklbgghklb beb eh`ghklb l_h jbb hdZau\Z_lky \_kvfZ aZljm^gbl_evghc

7

Zkljheh]by beb hjb_glbjh\Zgb_ \ ijhkljZgkl\_ fhj_ieZ\Zgb_ a\_a^gh_ g_[h klZeh h[t_dlhf q_eh\_q_kdh]h ihagZgby Ke_^m_l ihgbfZlv qlh h[t_dl ihagZgby – wlh njZ]f_gl h[t_dlb\gh]h fbjZ \u^_e_gguc q_eh\_q_kdhc ijZdlbdhc gh hlgx^v g_ fbj \ p_ehf

GZdhg_p k_]h^gy fu hlq_leb\h ij_^klZ\ey_f qlh hlghr_gb_ f_`^m km[t_dlhf ihagZgby b h[t_dlhf ihagZgby ^Ze_dh hl iZkkb\gh]h \hkijbylby < wlhf hlghr_ gbb km[t_dl \uklmiZ_l Zdlb\ghc klhjhghc hg aZ^Z_l k\hb \hijhku h[t_dlb\ghfm fbjm b klj_fblky ihemqblv gZ gbo khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ hl\_lu <aZbfhhlghr_gby km[t_dlZ b h[t_dlZ ihagZgby – g_ h^ghklhjhggbc ijhp_kk Z g_ij_djZsZxsbcky ^bZeh] :dlb\ghklv km[t_dlZ ihagZgby Z wlh gZihfgbf _klv h[s_kl\h hij_^_ey _lky l_f qlh ^ey g_]h ihagZgb_ g_ kZfhp_ev Z ebrv kj_^kl\h h[_ki_q_gby kh[kl \_gghc `bag_^_yl_evghklb IjZdlbq_kdb_ \ dhg_qghf kq_l_ ihlj_[ghklb q_eh\_dZ hij_^_eyxl oZjZdl_j aZ^Z\Z_fuo bf ihagZ\Zl_evguo \hijhkh\ Ihwlhfm wlb \h ijhku g_ fh]ml [ulv [_kijbkljZklgufb hgb «gZ]jm`_gu» bkoh^gufb ^ey q_eh\_ dZ p_eyfb b aZ^ZqZfb [_a mq_lZ dhlhjuo g_evay ihgylv ki_pbnbdm q_eh\_q_kdh]h ihagZgby

F_lh^u gZmqgh]h ihagZgby

=ghk_heh]by dZd h[sZy l_hjby ihagZgby \ k\h_c ijh_dpbb gZ gZmdm gZmq gh_ ihagZgb_ ijb\h^bl d \u^_e_gbx hkh[hc ^bkpbiebgZjghc h[eZklb – f_lh ^heh]bb gZmqgh]h ihagZgby b gZmqgh]h l\hjq_kl\Z DZd m`_ hlf_qZehkv gZmq gh_ ihagZgb_ hlebqZ_lky hl \k_o ^jm]bo \b^h\ ihagZgby bkihevah\Zgb_f ki_ pbZevgh jZajZ[hlZgguo f_lh^h\ < kZfhf h[s_f kfuke_ f_lh^ hagZqZ_l kih kh[ ^_yl_evghklb kh\hdmighklv ijb_fh\ ijbf_gy_fuo bkke_^h\Zl_e_f ^ey ihemq_gby hij_^_e_ggh]h j_amevlZlZ Dh]^Z j_qv b^_l h gZmqguo f_lh^Zo lh bf_xlky \ \b^m ij_`^_ \k_]h l_ ijb_fu b kihkh[u dhlhju_ ihfh]Zxl ihem qblv Zijh[bjh\Zggh_ bklbggh_ agZgb_ G_ ex[hc ijb_f bkihevam_fuc km[t _dlhf ^ey hldjulby fh`_l [ulv gZa\Zg gZmqguf f_lh^hf GZmqguc f_lh^

8

^he`_g hl\_qZlv hij_^_e_gguf djbl_jbyf gZmqghklb Hg fh`_l [ulv ij_^ klZ\e_g dZd g_dhlhjZy kbkl_fZ ijZ\be jZa\hjZqb\Zxsboky \ hij_^_e_gghc ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb b ijb\h^ysbo d ihemq_gbx gh\hc gZmqghc bgnhjfZpbb

Kms_kl\_gguf ijbagZdhf gZmqgh]h f_lh^Z y\ey_lky _]h h[hkgh\Zgghklv.

IeZghf_jghklv oZjZdl_jgZy ^ey gZmqgh]h f_lh^Z [Zabjm_lky gZ g_dhlhjhc ij_^iheZ]Z_fhc beb ihagZgghc aZdhghf_jghklb dhlhjhc ih^qbgy_lky bkke_ ^m_fuc h[t_dl Hkgh\Zl_evghklv f_lh^Z h[mkeh\e_gZ ]em[bghc b Z^_d\Zlgh klvx agZgbc h[ h[t_dl_ bkke_^h\Zgby Ex[h_ agZgb_ lZdbf h[jZahf \uihegy _l ^\_ nmgdpbb \h-i_j\uo hgh \uklmiZ_l dZd bgnhjfZpby h ^Zgghf h[t_dl_ b \h-\lhjuo kem`bl f_lh^hf _]h ihagZgby <f_kl_ k l_f h[hkgh\Zgb_ gZmqgh]h f_lh^Z g_ fh`_l [ulv \u\_^_gh lhevdh ba bgnhjfZpbb h[ h[t_dl_ H[hkgh\Z gb_ f_lh^Z \dexqZ_l lZdb_ aZ^Zqb dZd mklZgh\e_gb_ _]h ijZ\hf_jgh]h oZjZd l_jZ dhjj_dlghklb gZ^_`ghklb hij_^_e_gb_ ]jZgbp ijbf_gbfhklb hp_gdZ ^hklh\_jghklb b wnn_dlb\ghklb

F_lh^u gZmqgh]h ihagZgby \_kvfZ fgh]hh[jZagu b ih^^Zxlky deZkkbnbdZ pbb ih jZaebqguf djbl_jbyf LZd \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl h[t_dlZ bkke_^h\Zgby \u^_eyxlky nbabq_kdb_ obfbq_kdb_ [bheh]bq_kdb_ khpbZevgu_ b l i f_lh^u bkke_^h\Zgby Bf_y \ \b^m aZ\bkbfhklv f_`^m bkke_^m_fuf h[t_dlhf b f_lh ^hf _]h bamq_gby ]h\hjyl h lhf qlh f_lh^ ^he`_g khhl\_lkl\h\Zlv k\h_fm h[t_dlm

K mq_lhf ^_e_gby gZmqgh]h ihagZgby gZ wfibjbq_kdbc b l_hj_lbq_kdbc mjh\gb \u^_eyxl f_lh^u wfibjbq_kdh]h b l_hj_lbq_kdh]h gZmqgh]h ihagZgby Ihkdhevdm gZ dZ`^hf ba wlbo mjh\g_c j_rZxlky k\hb aZ^Zqb ke_^m_l h`b^Zlv qlh b khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ f_lh^u gZmqgh]h ihagZgby [m^ml bf_lv k\hx ki_pbnb dm

GZdhg_p f_lh^u jZaebqZxlky f_`^m kh[hc kl_i_gvx h[sghklb < wlhf ieZg_ \u^_eyxl qZklgu_, h[s_gZmqgu_ b \k_h[sb_ nbehkhnkdb_ f_lh^u QZklgu_ f_lh^u ijbf_gbfu \ madhc h[eZklb dhgdj_lguo bkke_^h\Zgbc b l_kgh

33

lZlhqgh _^bgkl\_ggh]h dhgljijbf_jZ ?keb aZljm^gbl_evgh mklZgh\blv bklbg ghklv l_hjbb lh fh`_l [ulv ijhs_ j_rblv \hijhk h _z eh`ghklb"

HdZaZehkv qlh b wlhl \hijhk e_]dh g_ j_rZ_lky Dh]^Z j_qv b^_l h[ baheb jh\Zgghf ij_^eh`_gbb beb ]bihl_a_ g_\ukhdh]h mjh\gy h[sghklb b Z[kljZdlgh klb nZevkbnbpbjmxsbc \u\h^ qZklh y\ey_lky ihe_aguf H^gZdh _keb fu jZk kfZljb\Z_f keh`gmx b_jZjobq_kdb mihjy^hq_ggmx kbkl_fm ij_^eh`_gbc – l_h jbx lh ^_eh mkeh`gy_lky

<h-i_j\uo ijhp_^mjZ nZevkbnbdZpbb h[gZjm`b\Z_l lhevdh klhedgh\_gb_ l_hjbb k nZdlhf gh g_ ]h\hjbl gZf dZdhc qe_g ijhlb\hj_qby eh`_g – l_hjby beb nZdl Ihq_fm fu h[yaZgu kqblZlv qlh eh`ghc y\ey_lky bf_ggh l_hjby" ;ulv fh `_l eh`guf y\ey_lky nZdl dhlhjuc mklZgh\e_g \ j_amevlZl_ g_dhjj_dlgh]h

«]jyagh]h» wdki_jbf_glZ"

<h-\lhjuo gZ^h mqblu\Zlv qlh \ j_Zevghf ihagZgbb ke_^kl\by gbdh]^Z g_ \u\h^ylky ba hl^_evguo bahebjh\Zgguo ]bihl_a gh \k_]^Z ba kh\hdmighklb ^h ims_gbc qZklv ba dhlhjuo fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv \ dZq_kl\_ hkgh\guo Z qZklv – \ dZq_kl\_ ^hihegbl_evguo Ba h^ghc l_hjbb h[uqgh g_evay \u\_klb wfibjbq_kdh]h ij_^eh`_gby >ey wlh]h d l_hjbb gm`gh ijbkh_^bgblv ki_pbZevgu_ ijZ\beZ ^Zxsb_ wfibjbq_kdmx bgl_jij_lZpbx l_jfbgZf l_hjbb b ij_^eh`_gby hibku \Zxsb_ dhgdj_lgu_ mkeh\by wfibjbq_kdhc ijh\_jdb LZdbf h[jZahf wfibjbq_ kdh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ : ke_^m_l g_ ba h^ghc l_hjbb L Z ba L iexk ijZ\beZ wfibjb q_kdhc bgl_jij_lZpbb iexk ij_^eh`_gby hibku\Zxsb_ dhgdj_lgu_ mkeh\by K mq_lhf wlh]h h[klhyl_evkl\Z klZgh\blky ykguf qlh ba eh`ghklb ij_^eh`_gby : fu g_ bf__f ijZ\Z ^_eZlv \u\h^ h eh`ghklb l_hjbb L Eh`gZy ihkuedZ fh`_l \oh^blv \ ^h[Z\ey_fu_ ijZ\beZ beb ij_^eh`_gby Bf_ggh ihwlhfm \ j_Zevghc gZmd_ h[gZjm`b\ klhedgh\_gb_ l_hjbb k g_dhlhjuf nZdlhf mq_gu_ g_ ki_rZl h[ty\eylv l_hjbx eh`ghc LZdbf h[jZahf b^_y ³j_rZxs_]h´ wdki_jbf_glZ h^ ghagZqgh iha\heyxs_]h mklZgh\blv eh`ghklv l_hjbb hdZaZeZkv fZehj_Zebklbq ghc

32

bklbgghklb gZmqghc l_hjbb p_ebdhf b iheghklvx kh\iZ^Z_l k _z wfibjbq_kdhc ijh\_jdhc b khklhbl \ \u\_^_gbb ke_^kl\bc ba ihkuehd l_hjbb b khihklZ\e_gbb bo k wdki_jbf_glZevgufb ^Zggufb Gh hdZaZehkv qlh lZdbf iml_f ^hdZaZlv bk lbgghklv l_hjbb g_ m^Z_lky Iheh`_gby gZmqghc l_hjbb \k_]^Z ij_l_g^mxl gZ \k_ h[sghklv b g_h[oh^bfhklv khhl\_lkl\_ggh ihegh_ ih^l\_j`^_gb_ l_hj_lbq_kdbo aZdhgh\ \ kbem bo g_h]jZgbq_gghc h[sghklb g_\hafh`gh Z qZklbqgh_ ih^l\_j `^_gb_ g_ y\ey_lky ^hklZlhqguf hkgh\Zgb_f ^ey ml\_j`^_gby h[ bo bklbgghklb

>ey ij_h^he_gby djbabkZ \_jbnbdZpbhgbklkdh]h ih^oh^Z d ijh\_jd_ bklbg ghklb gZmqghc l_hjbb [ueZ ij_^eh`_gZ dhgp_ipby nZevkbnbdZpbb gZmqghc l_h jbb D Ihii_j NZevkbnbdZpby hl eZl IDOVXV – eh`guc – ijhp_^mjZ mklZgZ\eb \ZxsZy eh`ghklv l_hjbb beb ]bihl_au \ j_amevlZl_ _z wfibjbq_kdhc ijh\_jdb Ihii_j \u^\bgme dhgp_ipbx kh]eZkgh dhlhjhc g_ ih^l\_j`^Z_fhklv Z ijh\_ jy_fhklv bkiulm_fhklv b nZevkbnbpbjm_fhklv l_hjbc ^he`gu kem`blv kj_^kl \Zfb h[gZjm`_gby bo bklbgghklb b khhl\_lkl\_ggh kj_^kl\Zfb bo ijbgylby beb hl\_j`_gby

Ijhp_^mjZ nZevkbnbdZpbb hkgh\u\Z_lky gZ eh]bq_kdhc ko_f_ dhlhjmx ijbgylh gZau\Zlv fh^mk lhee_gk Ba ijh\_jy_fhc l_hjbb L ^_^mpbjm_lky g_dhlh jh_ wfibjbq_kdh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ : lZd qlh bf__l f_klh L→: Ihkj_^kl\hf wfib

jbq_kdbo f_lh^h\ ihagZgby gZ[ex^_gby baf_j_gby beb wdki_jbf_glZ ij_^eh `_gb_ : khihklZ\ey_lky k j_Zevguf iheh`_gb_f ^_e ?keb \uykgy_lky qlh : – eh`gh lh _klv bf__l f_klh g_-: lh lh]^Z ba L→: b g_-: ke_^m_l g_-L lh _klv eh`ghklv l_hjbb L

>hklhbgkl\h ijhp_^mju nZevkbnbdZpbb mkfZljb\Zehkv \ _z [he__ hij_^_ e_gghf oZjZdl_j_ ih kjZ\g_gbx k \_jbnbdZpb_c ?keb ^ey \_jbnbdZpbb ijh\_jd_ gZ bklbgghklv g_h]jZgbq_ggh h[s_]h ml\_j`^_gby gZmdb dZdbf y\ey_lky ex[hc _z aZdhg g_h[oh^bfh kh]eZkb_ k wdki_jbf_glZevgufb ^Zggufb [_kdhg_qgh [hev rh]h qbkeZ _]h ke_^kl\bc lh ^ey _]h nZevkbnbdZpbb ijh\_jd_ gZ eh`ghklv ^hk-

9

k\yaZgu k dZq_kl\_gghc ki_pbnbdhc bkke_^m_fuo h[t_dlh\ H[s_gZmqgu_ f_ lh^u oZjZdl_jbamxlky ]hjZa^h [hevr_c mgb\_jkZevghklvx b ijbf_gbfu \ kZ fuo jZaebqguo h[eZklyo gZmqgh]h ihagZgby D gbf \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v ke_^m_l hlg_klb ZgZeba kbgl_a Z[kljZ]bjh\Zgb_ h[h[s_gb_ b^_ZebaZpbx f_lh^u

bg^mdlb\gh]h b ^_^mdlb\gh]h bkke_^h\Zgby JZkkfhljbf bo [he__ ih^jh[gh IhagZgb_ ihkl_i_ggh rZ] aZ rZ]hf jZkdju\Z_l \gmlj_ggb_ kms_kl\_ggu_

k\hckl\Z bamqZ_fuo h[t_dlh\ Gh \k_ h[t_dlu fZl_jbZevgh]h fbjZ ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc p_ehklghklb khklhysb_ \ lh `_ \j_fy ba hij_^_e_gguo we_f_glh\ k\yaZg guo f_`^m kh[hc b \aZbfh^_ckl\mxsbo ^jm] k ^jm]hf >ey lh]h qlh[u bkke_^h \Zlv ijbjh^guc h[t_dl gZ^h p_ehklguc ij_^f_l jZkqe_gblv fuke_ggh beb ijZd lbq_kdb gZ khklZ\eyxsb_ qZklb Z aZl_f bamqblv bo \ hlghkbl_evghc kZfhklhy l_evghklb Ihke_ wlh]h qZklb fh`gh \gh\v h[t_^bgblv \ _^bguc ij_^f_l b khklZ \blv h[s__ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h ij_^f_l_ dhlhjh_ hibjZ_lky gZ ]em[hdh_ agZgb_ _]h \gmlj_gg_c ijbjh^u WlZ p_ev ^hklb]Z_lky k ihfhsvx lZdbo hi_jZpbc dZd ZgZeba b kbgl_a

:gZeba – wlh jZkqe_g_gb_ p_ehklgh]h ij_^f_lZ fZl_jbZevgh]h beb b^_Zevgh]h gZ khklZ\eyxsb_ qZklb klhjhgu ijbagZdb k\hckl\Z beb hlghr_gby k p_evx bo kZfhklhyl_evgh]h bamq_gby Kbgl_a – wlh kh_^bg_gb_ jZg__ \u^_e_gguo qZkl_c

klhjhg ijbagZdh\ k\hckl\ beb hlghr_gbc ij_^f_lZ \ _^bgh_ p_eh_ LZdbf h[jZ ahf ZgZeba – wlh qe_g_gb_ p_eh]h jZa[hjdZ p_eh]h Z kbgl_a – wlh k[hjdZ kh_^bg_ gb_ hl^_evguo khklZ\eyxsbo :gZeba b kbgl_a y\eyxlky gZb[he__ nmg^Zf_glZev gufb ijb_fZfb ihagZgby dhlhju_ e_`Zl \ kZfhc hkgh\_ q_eh\_q_kdh]h fure_ gby <f_kl_ k l_f hgb y\eyxlky b gZb[he__ mgb\_jkZevgufb ijb_fZfb oZjZdl_j gufb ^ey \k_o mjh\g_c b nhjf q_eh\_q_kdh]h ihagZgby

>jm]hc \Z`guc h[s_gZmqguc f_lh^ – Z[kljZ]bjh\Zgb_ :[kljZ]bjh\Zgb_ – wlh hkh[uc ijb_f fure_gby aZdexqZxsbcky \ hl\e_q_gbb hl jy^Z k\hckl\ b hlgh r_gbc bamqZ_fh]h ij_^f_lZ beb y\e_gby k h^gh\j_f_gguf \u^_e_gb_f bgl_j_ kmxsbo gZk k\hckl\ beb hlghr_gbc J_amevlZlhf Z[kljZ]bjmxs_c ^_yl_evghklb

10

fure_gby y\ey_lky h[jZah\Zgb_ jZaebqgh]h jh^Z Z[kljZdpbc dhlhjufb y\eyxlky dZd hl^_evgu_ ihgylby b dZl_]hjbb lZd b bo kbkl_fu

Dh]^Z Z[kljZ]bjmxlky hl fgh`_kl\Z k\hckl\ ij_^f_lZ beb y\e_gby b \u^_ey _lky lhevdh kms_kl\_ggh_ k\hckl\h kha^Z_lky hkgh\Z ^ey h[t_^bg_gby ij_^f_lh\

beb y\e_gbc \ _^bguc deZkk LZd hij_^_eyy ihgylb_ «jmqdZ» dZd kj_^kl\h ^ey ibkvfZ fu Z[kljZ]bjm_fky hl ^ebgu \_ebqbgu nhjfu jmqdb Z \u^_ey_f ebrv h^gh k\hckl\h – kihkh[ghklv hklZ\eylv q_ldbc ke_^ gZ [mfZ]_ K ^jm]hc klhjhgu gZ hkgh\_ ^Zggh]h k\hckl\Z fu \k_ fgh]hh[jZab_ jmq_d hlghkbf d h^ghfm deZkkm– deZkkm «jmqdZ» Ih hlghr_gbx d bg^b\b^mZevguf ijbagZdZf dZ`^h]h ba h[t_d lh\ \oh^ysbo \ ^Zgguc deZkk h[t_^bgyxsbc bo ijbagZd \ gZr_f ijbf_j_ – k\hckl\h ibkZlv \uklmiZ_l dZd h[sbc A^_kv fu klZedb\Z_fky k ^jm]bf h[s_agZ qbfuf ijb_fhf – h[h[s_gb_f H[h[s_gb_ - wlh lZdhc ihagZ\Zl_evguc ijb_f \ j_amevlZl_ dhlhjh]h mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky h[sb_ k\hckl\Z b ijbagZdb h[t_dlh\

B^_ZebaZpby – wlh fuke_ggh_ dhgkljmbjh\Zgb_ ihgylbc h[ h[t_dlZo g_ kms_ kl\mxsbo b g_hkms_kl\bfuo \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb gh lZdbo ^ey dhlhjuo bf_xlky ijhh[jZau \ fZl_jbZevghf fbj_ Ijbf_jhf b^_ZebaZpbb fh`_l [ulv ihgylb_

«lhqdZ» g_\hafh`gh gZclb \ j_Zevghf fbj_ h[t_dl dhlhjuc [u g_ bf_e baf_j_ gbc :gZeh]bqguc oZjZdl_j bf_xl ihgylby «ijyfZy ebgby», «hdjm`ghklv», «bg_jpby» b l ^ Hlf_lbf lZd`_ qlh kh\j_f_ggZy gZmdZ ijhgbdeZ \ lZdb_ kn_ju j_Zevghklb dhlhju_ g_ ij_^klZ\bfu gZ]ey^guf h[jZahf A^_kv gZmdZ dhgkljmbjm _l ihgylby \hh[s_ g_ bf_xsb_ ZgZeh]h\ \ ih\k_^g_\ghc qm\kl\_gghc ijZdlbd_ q_eh\_dZ d lZdbf gZijbf_j hlghkylky ihgylby we_dljhfZ]gblgh]h ihey d\Zglh \h]h h[t_dlZ jZkkeh_ggh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z b ^j

< ijhp_kk_ bkke_^h\Zgby qZklh ijboh^blky hibjZykv gZ m`_ bf_xsb_ky agZ gby ^_eZlv aZdexq_gb_ h g_ba\_klghf I_j_oh^y hl ba\_klgh]h d g_ba\_klghfm fu fh`_f \hkihevah\Zlvky eb[h agZgb_f hl^_evguo nZdlh\ \hkoh^y ijb wlhf d hl djulbx [he__ h[sbo ijbgpbih\ eb[h gZh[hjhl hibjZykv gZ h[sb_ ijbgpbiu

31

Ijhp_^mjZ hiulghc ijh\_jdb l_hjbb beb hij_^_e_ggh]h gZmqgh]h ml\_j`^_ gby gZ bklbgghklv gZau\Z_lky \_jbnbdZpb_c hl eZl YHULILFDWLR – ^hdZaZl_evkl\h ih^l\_j`^_gb_ <_jbnbdZpby khklhbl \ khhlg_k_gbb l_hj_lbq_kdh]h iheh`_gby k j_Zevguf iheh`_gb_f ^_e k ihfhsvx gZ[ex^_gby baf_j_gby beb wdki_jbf_glZ JZaebqZxl g_ihkj_^kl\_ggmx b dhk\_ggmx \_jbnbdZpbx Ijb g_ihkj_^kl\_gghc \_jbnbdZpbb wfibjbq_kdhc ijh\_jd_ ih^\_j]Z_lky kZfh ml\_j`^_gb_ ]h\hjys__ h nZdlZo ^_ckl\bl_evghklb beb wdki_jbf_glZevguo ^Zgguo H^gZdh ^Ze_dh g_ dZ` ^h_ gZmqgh_ ml\_j`^_gb_ fh`_l [ulv g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh khhlg_k_gh k nZdlZfb DZd ijZ\beh l_hj_lbq_kdh_ ml\_j`^_gb_ hlghkblky d b^_Zebabjh\Zgguf beb Z[kl jZdlguf h[t_dlZf dhlhju_ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh g_ gZ[ex^Z_fu LZdb_ ml\_j`^_gby \_jbnbpbjmxlky dhk\_gguf iml_f Ba ^Zggh]h ml\_j`^_gby \u\h^blky ke_^kl\b_ hlghkys__ky d h[t_dlZf dhlhju_ fh`gh gZ[ex^Zlv beb baf_jylv Wlh ke_^kl\b_ \_jbnbpbjm_lky g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh <_jbnbdZpby ke_^kl\by jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd dhk\_ggZy \_jbnbdZpby bkoh^gh]h l_hj_lbq_kdh]h ml\_j`^_gby

GZijbf_j ml\_j`^_gb_ «L_fi_jZlmjZ \ dhfgZl_ jZ\gZ °K» g_evay \_jb

nbpbjh\Zlv g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh b[h \ j_Zevghklb g_l h[t_dlh\ dhlhjuf khhl\_lkl \mxl l_jfbgu «l_fi_jZlmjZ» b «20°K» H^gZdh ba ^Zggh]h ml\_j`^_gby fu fh

`_f \u\_klb ke_^kl\b_ ]h\hjys__ h lhf qlh _keb \ dhfgZlm \g_klb l_jfhf_lj lh klhe[bd jlmlb hklZgh\blky m hlf_ldb «20» Fu ijbghkbf l_jfhf_lj b g_ihkj_^ kl\_gguf gZ[ex^_gb_f \_jbnbpbjm_f ml\_j`^_gb_ «Klhe[bd jlmlb gZoh^blky m hlf_ldb «20» Wlh kem`bl dhk\_gghc \_jbnbdZpb_c i_j\hgZqZevgh]h ml\_j`^_gby

<_jbnbpbjm_fhklv beb wfibjbq_kdZy ijh\_jy_fhklv gZmqguo ml\_j`^_ gbc b l_hjbc kqblZ_lky h^gbf ba \Z`guo ijbagZdh\ gZmqghklb Ml\_j`^_gby b l_hjbb dhlhju_ \ ijbgpbi_ g_ fh]ml [ulv \_jbnbpbjh\Zgu dZd ijZ\beh g_ kqb lZxlky gZmqgufb H^gZdh \hijhk h \_jbnbdZpbb gZmqghc l_hjbb b \hijhk h _z bklbgghklb g_ kh\iZ^Zxl

IhdZaZl_evghc \ wlhf ieZg_ y\ey_lky bklhjby gZmqghc f_lh^heh]bb ^\Z^pZ lh]h \_dZ GZ _z i_j\hgZqZevghf wlZi_ ]hkih^kl\h\Zeh m[_`^_gb_ qlh ijh\_jdZ