41. What military heroes glorified Great Britain in the Napoleonic Wars?

• Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington. This is the man who defeated the French in India and then the Peninsula, before he was glorified in the final defeat of the Emperor at Waterloo

• Horatio Nelson, Admiral. Nelson was the national hero of England. People loved the Navy, and Nelson was it's darling. He was the man who destroyed the navy of France and Spain several times, before his most famous victory, Trafalgar - he also died there.

42. Why was colonizing foreign lands important? What colonies did Britain have in North America, in the West Indies and India?

Primarily, nations established colonies to gain economic profits. Nations depended on their colonies for raw materials to be used in their factories so that they could produce a growing number of manufactured goods. They then hoped to sell the manufactured goods to their colonies, which served as new markets. European powers rivalled, establishing more and more military and naval outposts overseas. There were many reasons for ordinary people to leave their homes and settle in the colonies: many sought riches and opportunities, many were religious dissidents such as Puritans seeking freedom of worship. Beginning in early 17th century, Britain established a line of colonies in North America. These colonies became independent in 1776 as the United States, but Britain retained Canada and the West Indies (territories in the Caribbean such as Jamaica and Bahamas). India, with its huge population and vast natural resources, was indeed the 'jewel in the crown of the British Empire'. Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand were also colonized. By 1900s, Britain also managed to build another continuous line of colonies across Africa, from Egypt to South Africa.

43. What did the British government and the American colonies quarrel over? When did the American War of Independence begin? What was the result of the war?

In the mid 18th century 13 American colonies objected to the taxation imposed on them by the British parliament. Their resentment was expressed in the Boston Massacre in 1770 which was a confrontation between British troops and a crowd in Boston.

And the Boston Tea Party 1773 the distraction of imported tea in the harbor at Boston. In 1775 the American revolution broke out, resulting in the declaration of the 13 American colonies and independent nation, the USA. George Washington was the first American president.

The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was the military component of the American Revolution. It was fought primarily between Great Britain and revolutionaries within the 13 British colonies in North America who declared their independence with the Declaration of Independence as theUnited States of America early in the war. The war began largely as a colonial revolt against the mercantile and economic policies of the British Empire, and eventually widened far beyond British North America, with France, Spain, and the Netherlands entering the war against Great Britain. Additionally, many Native Americans in the United States fought on both sides of the conflict.

Throughout the war, the British were able to use their naval superiority to capture and occupy coastal cities, but control of the countryside and most of the population was unavailable for them. French involvement proved decisive, with a naval battle for control of Chesapeake Bay leading to the surrender of a British army at the Battle of Yorktown, Virginia in 1781. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 recognized the independence of the United States.