3.2 Notes to the Text

Caused certain chemicals to glow – вызывали свечение некоторых химикалий

no light did come through the box – свет действительно не проникал через коробку (did служит в качестве усилительной частицы)

still puzzled – все еще удивляясь

yet, here – и все же

medicine was quick to realize – медики сразу поняли

3.3 Words and word combinations to be remembered

Again– опять, снова against– против tobring(brought,brought) – приносить, приводить, доставлять to call – называть to cause – заставлять, вызывать certain – некоторый completely – полностью to contribute – вносить вклад; зд. приносить пользу corner – угол current – ток to discover – открывать (к.–л. явление) to enclose – помещать, заключать (в себе) even – даже field – область glass – стекло indeed – в самом деле, действительно to invent – изобретать inventor – изобретатель invisible – невидимый lead – свинец

light – свет; светлый lightproof – светонепроницаемый opposite – противоположный particle – частица particular – особый, частный, данный to pass – проходить, проникать to penetrate – проникать (через, сквозь) to precede – предшествовать to protect – защищать, предохранять ray – луч source – источник speed – скорость stream – поток to surpass – превосходить to switch off – выключать to switch on – включать all kinds of = all sorts of – самые разнообразные, разные, всякие as much as possible – как можно больше to be certain = to be sure – быть уверенным to make sure – убедиться to set aglow – вызывать свечение

3.4 Exercises

3.4.1 Read and translate the text

3.4.2 Answer the following questions

1. What inventions preceded the discovery of X–rays? 2. What kind of device was Rontgen experimenting with? 3. What kind of device is the Crookes tube? 4. What phenomenon attracted Rontgen’s attention while he was experimenting with the Crookes tube? 5. What did Rontgen notice when he switched on the current? 6. What puzzled Rontgen? 7.Wherewas the mysterious glow coming from? 8. What was the source of those mysterious rays? 9. Why did Rontgen call those all–penetrating rays X–rays? 10. What materials can X–rays penetrate? 11. By what materials are X–rays stopped? 12. What are the main fields of application of X–rays? 13. Did the discovery of X–rays contribute much to the development of science?

3.4.3 Translate the following sentences and state how the attributes are expressed

A

1. X–rays penetrate steel sheets and aluminium plates. 2. A thick glass wall screens the operator from the stream of uranium particles. 3. Central electric power stations are using steam at high temperature and pressure. 4. In almost all four– and six–cylinder engines the cylinders are arranged one behind another. 5. The high efficiencies obtained from modern internal combustion and compression ignition engines have brought about improvements in the steam generation processes. 6. The lubrication of machine parts is effected by means of high–pressure oil systems driven by an electric pump.

B

1. The piston descending to the bottom of the cylinder pushes the exhaust gases out. 2. As the descending piston approaches the end of its stroke, there is but little pressure left in the cylinder. 3. The emerging rays could be clearly seen. 4. The rays emerging out of the cathode were clearly seen in the darkened laboratory. 5. The nature of the newly discovered rays was unknown to Rontgen. 6. The rays discovered by Rontgen were called by him X–rays.

C

1. A bill to protect the population against self–propelled vehicles was issued by the English government when the first cars appeared in England. 2. The machine to be tested has been designed by one of our engineers. 3. Rontgen made a lead screen to be used as protection against X–rays effect.