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291

Teaching vocabulary

Criteria for vocabulary selection

Frequency

Learnability

Coverage

Familiarity

Ease or

Learner‟s

difficulty

needs

Table 31 (to chapter 3.3.)

292

Teaching vocabulary

Vocabulary structure

Real

Potential

Functional/Active/

Productive

Vocabulary

Receptive/

Passive/Recognition

Vocabulary

Table 32 (to chapter 3.3.)

293

 

 

Nature of lexical competence

 

Lexical competence is viewed as acquiring

 

an appropriate quantity of lexical units,

 

in other words, owning vocabulary, words.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

components of owning

 

 

 

 

 

 

a word

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MEANING

 

 

 

 

FORM

 

Denotation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Connotation

 

 

 

 

phonology -

 

 

 

Polysemy

 

 

 

 

pronounciation

 

 

 

Homonymy

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Homophones

 

 

 

 

orthography - spelling

 

 

 

Synonymy

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Antonymy

 

 

 

 

morphology

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

affixation

 

 

 

 

 

Hyponymy

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DISTRIBUTION

Collocation

Register

Style

Table 33 (to chapter 3.3.)

294

The stages of vocabulary acquisition

Learner

Teacher

1 PRESENTATION

Furnishing explanations, presenting

identification of concepts, i.e. learning

words, getting learners to identify the

what the word means

concept correctly

2 PRACTICE

Teacher's activities to get learners to

ASSIMILATION

recognise and recall the words by means

Learner's activities for the purpose of

of different exercises

retaining the word

 

RETENTION

Encouraging learners to review the words

Performing different exercises to fix the

using them again & again in various

words in memory

exercises

3 PRODUCTION/APPLICATION

 

Learner's activity in using the words in

To stimulate learners to use the words

the process of communication in

properly to express their thoughts &

different situations

ideas

Table 34 (to chapter 3.3.)

Bilingual/Translation

Word-translation

Polisemantic translation

L1 explanation

L1 definition

Phrase-translation

295

Ways of Presenting Vocabulary

Direct method techniques

Visual

 

Verbal

 

 

 

 

 

Visual aids

 

 

 

Context

Objects; pictures;

 

 

dictionaries

photos; video

 

 

 

 

 

materials; realia

 

Crosswords

 

 

 

 

Matching;

 

 

 

Body language

 

definitions;

Movements;

 

examples

gestures; facial

 

 

 

 

expressions

 

Word-building

 

 

 

 

Synonyms;

 

 

Pictograms

 

 

antonyms;

Tables; graphs;

 

homonyms;

mind-maps;

 

homophones;

matching

 

hyponymic words

 

 

 

Table 35 (to chapter 3.3.)

296

Teaching Pronunciation

Three Main Types of Pronunciation Lessons

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Integrated lessons,

 

 

 

 

Remedial or

 

 

 

 

Practice lessons,

 

 

in which

 

 

 

 

reactive lessons,

 

 

 

where a pronunciation

 

 

pronunciation forms

 

 

 

where a pronunciation

 

 

 

difficulty which arises

 

 

an essential part of the

 

 

 

difficulty which arises

 

 

 

in class is dealt with

 

 

language analysis and

 

 

 

in class is dealt with

 

 

 

there and then, in

 

 

the planning process,

 

 

 

there and then, in

 

 

 

order to facilitate the

 

 

and the language

 

 

 

order to facilitate the

 

 

 

successful

 

 

presentation and

 

 

 

successful

 

 

 

achievement of

 

 

practice within the

 

 

 

achievement of

 

 

 

classroom tasks.

 

 

lesson.

 

 

 

 

classroom tasks.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(According to Kelly G. How to Teach Pronunciation. – Harlow: Longman, 2000)

Table 36 (to chapter 3.4.)

297

Learner's Problems in Teaching English Pronunciation

discrimination of sounds

hearing the differences between phonemes which are not distinguished or used in L1 and between falling, rising and level, tones

intonation of sounds

learning to make right stresses, pauses and use appropriate patterns

articulation of sounds

learning to make the motor movements adequate to proper production of English sounds

integration of sounds

learning to assemble the phonemes of a connected discourse with the proper allophonic variations

automaticy of sounds

making correct production so habitual that if does not need to be attended to in the process of speaking

Table 37 (to chapter 3.4.)

298

 

Teaching Pronunciation

 

transaction

Primary Communicative Goal

interaction

 

accessibility

Main Criterion

acceptability

 

instrumental

Motivation

integrative

transmission

Communication seen as

negotiation

 

Table 38 (to chapter 3.4.)

299

Teaching Listening

A model of how the listening process works

echoic

 

Short-term

 

Long-term

memory

 

memory

 

memory

 

 

(STM)

 

(LTM)

 

 

 

 

 

'freezes' the message

the messageis interpreted

the message is stopped

 

language drops out

drops out if not used

 

 

(discarded)

Table 39 (to chapter 4.1.)

300

Learner's Difficulties in Listening Comprehension

Linguistic difficulties

Phonetics

Vocabulary

Grammar

Table 40 (to chapter 4.2.)

Content difficulties

Topic of communication;

Type of communication (description, narration);

Form of communication (dialogue, monologue);

Context plus learners' readiness (intellectual and situational)

to understand it

Conditions

Tiredness of listener

Times of presentation

Visual "props"

Recorded or alive presentation;

Speed of speech (tempo)

Speaker‘s voice

Background noise

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