Index

The index contains both analytical and synthetical components. References are made to the respective articles and Notes; “n” denotes a footnote. Abbreviations: Decl = Declaration; HoC = History of the Convention; ICIL = Issues of Customary International Law; Pre = Preamble; Res = Resolution.

Acceptance

Consent to be bound, 11 passim; 14 passim Definition, 2 25 , 30

Ratification, 11 14 Reservations, 19 9; 23 4

Accession

Consent to be bound, 11 passim; 15 passim Convention, to, 83 passim

Definition, 2 25 , 30 Reservations, 19 9 Third States, 34 10

Acquiescence

Maintenance in force of treaty, in, 45 passim

Adoption

Definition, 2 29, 40 Full powers, 7 3

Text of treaty, of, 9 passim

Treaties with international organisation, 5 3

Aggressor State, case of, 75 passim Agreements, international, see also Treaties

Customary international law, 3 6 Definition, 2 6

Legal force, 3 4

Other subjects of international law, 3 passim

Aide-Mémoire, 13 6

“All States”-issue, Pre 3; 15-Decl passim; 81 2

Amendment of treaties

Amendment clauses, 40 1 Customary law, by means of, 41 17 General rule, 39 passim

Inter se, 41 passim

Modification, 41 passim Multilateral treaties, of, 40 passim Notification, 40 5

Procedure, 39 9

Third States, 39 8; 40 14

Approval

Consent to be bound, 11 passim; 14 passim Definition, 2 25 , 30

Ratification, 11 14 Reservations, 19 9; 23 4

Authentication of treaty text

Entry into force, before, 24 12 Full powers, 7 3

ZACHARIAS

Entry into force, 24 7

Object and purpose, not to defeat, 18 passim

Internal law

Circumstances, change of, 62 14 Competence to conclude treaties, 46 passim

– Loss of right to invoke, 45 passim Consequences of invalidity, 69 passim Constitutional law, limits of, 25 13 Good faith, role of, 46 15 Observance of, 27 passim

International Court of Justice

Disputes, settlement of, 66 8 f Statute of (1945), ICIL 3; 1 8; 53, 12

–Article 38, para. 1, ICIL 3, 18; Pre 9

–Article 38, subpara. 1(a), Pre 9

–Article 38, subpara. 1(b), ICIL 7

–Article 38, subpara. 1(c), Pre 16

International Criminal Court

Rome Conference, 9 13

International law,

Jus cogens, rule of, 53 9

–Consequences of invalidity, 71 passim Rules of, 4 3

Violation of, through coercion, 52 8

International Law Commission, see generally in each commentary: “History”, Codification, ICIL 20

E ects of armed conflicts, 73 10 Fragmentation

of treaties, study group on, 30 23 Rapporteurs, HoC passim; Pre 14 Reservations, proposals on, 19–23, passim State responsibility, draft on, 73 8

Travaux préparatoires, HoC passim

International organisations

Amendment of treaties, 40 3 Constituent instruments, 5 3

–Amendment of, 39 1

–Reservations to, 20 7 f Definition, 2 53 Depositary, 76 8, 10

Full powers, 7 18 f Relevant rules, 5 7 f Treaties, 3 passim; 5 passim

Interpretation, 31–33 passim

Agreement, 31 15

Authentic interpretation, 31 15 Customary and treaty law, ICIL 43 Di erent languages, 33 passim General rule, Pre 2; 31 passim; 32 7

– Practice, 31 32 Good faith, 31 6

International law, rules of, 31 24 f Methods of, 31 1

New Haven-School, 31 2, 5 Preamble, Pre 2

Object and purpose, Pre 2; 31 11 ; 33 11 f Ordinary meaning in context, 31 9 f Special meanings, 31 26 f

ZACHARIAS

Subsequent practice, 31 15

Successive treaties, role of, 30 7

Supplementary means of, 32 passim

–Circumstances of treaty’s conclusion, 32 4

–Recourse to, 32 7

Techniques of, 31 1, 36 Teleological method, Pre 5 Third States, revocation

of obligations or rights, 37 7

Travaux préparatoires, 31 1 ; 32 passim

Invalidity of treaties, 42–72 passim

Authority to represent, 47 6 f Coercion of State, 52 13

Coercion of State representative, 51 8 f Consequences of, 69 passim Corruption, 50 7 f

Customary law, 43 passim Error, 48 9

Fraud, 49 6

Instruments for declaring, 67 passim

–Revocation of, 68 passim Internal law, 46 6

Jus cogens, 53 20

–Consequences of invalidity, 71 passim

–New norm of, 64 passim

Loss of right to invoke, 45 passim

Nullity, 69 3

Procedures, 65–66 passim; 66-Annex passim; 66-Res passim

Separability, treaty provisions, 44 passim

Jus cogens, 53 passim

Consequences of invalidity, 71 passim

Content, 53 17

Customary international law, ICIL 38

Definition, 53 8

Invalidity, 53 20

New norm, emergence of, 64 passim

Reservation, rules on, 19–23 9

Separability, treaty provisions, 44 20

Superveniens, 64 1

Vienna Convention, 20 3

UN Charter, Article 2, para. 4, 52 20

KELLOG-BRIAND Pact (1928), 53 1; 75 1

Languages, treaties authenticated in

Interpretation of, 33 passim

League of Nations

Council, 47 1

Covenant, 53 1

Depositary, 76 1

Exchange of instruments, 13 1

Publication of treaties, 80 1

Revision of treaties, 39 1

Threat or use of force, 75 1

ZACHARIAS

Lex posterior derogat legi priori

Convention, ICIL 25

Successive treaties, 30 passim

Lex specialis derogat legi generali

International organisations, 5 10

Successive treaties, 30 1, 19

Modification of treaties, 41 passim

Conditions, 41 6

Customary law, by means of, 41 17 Preamble, Pre 2

Third States, rights or obligations of, 37 passim

Multilateral treaties, 15-Decl 3 Amendment, 40 passim; 41 4 Breach of, 60 18 , 27, 30 Consequences of invalidity, 69 21 Consequences of termination, 70 11 Error, 48 2

Reduction of number of parties, 55 3 Signature, 11, 6

Suspension, 58 passim

Negotiations of treaties, negotiating States

Accession, 15 5, 8

Definition, 2 29, 39 Entry into force, 24 6 Full powers, 7 passim Fraud, 49 5

Object and purpose, not to defeat, 18 19 Provisional application of treaties, 25 passim Ratification, 14 8 f, 11

Reservations, 20 6

Signature, 11 9 Voting on treaty, 9 3, 16

New Haven-School on interpretation, 31 2, 5 Non-retroactivity of treaties, 4 passim; 28 passim; 39 7

Note verbale, 13 6 f

Notification, 78 passim

Acceptance, approval or ratification, instruments of, 14 4 Error in treaty, 79 11

Exchange of instruments, 16 7 Functions of depositary, 77 7 Modification, of, 41 10

Procedures for termination, etc., 65 9 , 16

– Written form, 67 3 Representation of States, 47 7 Reservation, 20 17; 22 8 f Suspension, 58 7

Nullity, see Invalidity of treaties,

Object and purpose of a treaty

Interpretation, 31 11

Not to defeat, 18 passim

Performance, impossibility of, 61 14

Plurilingual treaties, 33 11 f

ZACHARIAS

Definition, 2 25 , 30

Entry into force, 24 7

Reservations, 19 9

Signature, 11 6; 14 10

Registration of treaties, 80 passim

Representation of States,

Authorisation, lack of, 8 passim

Coercion, 50 passim

Definition, 2 28

Full Powers, 7 3

Instruments for terminating, etc., 67 4

Restrictions, specific, 47 passim

–Consequences of invalidity, 69 passim

–Loss of right to invoke, 45 passim Signature, 11 4

Reservations, 19–23 passim

Acceptance of, 19 1 ; 20 passim

–E ectiveness of, 20 16

–E ects of, 21 3

–Tacit, 20 13, 17 Admissibility of, ICIL 36 Aims of, 2 36; 19 6 f Applicable law, ICIL 41

Authorisation to make, 19 7 ; 20 4 Choice of treaty provisions, 17 passim Clause, ICIL 39 f

Customary international law, ICIL 36 Definition, 2 32

Entry into force, before, 24 12 Freedom to make, 19 7 Formulation of, 19 passim Legal e ects, 21 passim

–Upon underlying law, ICIL 42 Limited number of States, 20 5 Name, 2 35

Object and purpose, Pre 2; 19 2, 12 ; 20 5 f Objections to, 20 passim

–Legal e ects, 21 passim

–Withdrawal of, 22 passim Other States, position of, 21 6 Procedure, 23 passim

Prohibition of, 19 7, 10 ; 20 10 Reports of the ILC, HoC 2 Specified reservations, 19 11

Vienna Convention, to, 4 9; 7 20; 11 10; 12 24; 25 10; 38 10; 45 10; 52 16; 62 27; 74 7; 75 7; 81 5

Withdrawal of, 22 passim

–From Vienna Convention, 22 2

–In writing, 23 6

Written requirement, 23 3

Retroactivity of treaties, 24 13; 28 6

Revised General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes (1949), 17 1

Separability of treaty provisions, 44 passim

Clauses, 44 12

Signature

Ad referendum, 11 15

ZACHARIAS

Consent to be bound, 11–12 passim Convention, of, 81 passim Definition, 2 25 , 30

Entry into force, 24 7 Exchange of instruments, 13 7 Initialling, 11 15

Object and purpose, not to defeat, 18 passim Reservations, 19 9; 23 4

Sources of international law, ICIL, passim

Functions for Convention, 4 3 Hierarchy, ICIL 38

Preamble, Pre 16 Treaties, Pre 9

State practice

Consistency, ICIL 12

Duration, ICIL 13

Notion, ICIL 2

Passive Conduct, ICIL 11 Uniformity, ICIL 12

Vienna Convention (1969), ICIL 59 f State representative, see Representation of States

State responsibility, 73 passim

Breach of treaty, 60 26 ILC draft on, 73 8 Successive treaties, 30 16

States

Capacity to conclude treaties, 6 passim Equality, sovereign, of, 6 7

Federal States, 6 1, 11 Heads of, 7 15 f

Newly independent, HoC 5, 14

Object and purpose, not to defeat, 18 passim O cials, 7 15 f

Sovereignty, 6, 1

Treaties, parties to, 1 3, 8; 2 9 Vienna Convention (1969), Pre 6

State succession, 29 9; 73 passim

Third States, 34 9

Statute of the ICJ, see International Court of Justice,

Successive treaties, 30 passim

Supervening impossibility of performance, see Performance, supervening impossibility of,

Suspension of treaties, 42 passim; 57–58 passim

Breach of treaty, 60 9 Circumstances, change of, 62 24 f Consequences of, 72 passim Instruments for declaring, 67 passim

– Revocation of, 68 passim Inter se, 58 passim

Loss of right to invoke, 45 passim Preamble, Pre 2

Conclusion of later treaty, 59 passim Customary law, 43 passim Performance, impossibility of, 61 8

Procedures, 65–66 passim; 66-Annex passim; 66-Res passim

Provisions envisaging, 54 passim Separability, treaty provisions, 44 passim

Severance, diplomatic or consular relations, of, 63 7 f

ZACHARIAS

Customary international law, see generally in each commentary: “Customary Basis”, Definition, 1 passim; 2 4

Denunciation,

–Clauses on, ICIL 47 f Designation, 2 17 Disputes, q.v.

Drawing up of, 2 40

E ects before entry into force, ICIL 35; 4 passim; 28 passim Entry into force, 2 45; 24 passim

–Application before, 24 11, 25 passim

–Object and purpose, not to defeat, 18 passim

–Prior to, Pre 2

Error, q.v.

Fraud, q.v.

Full Powers, q.v.

History, Pre 8; 2 2

Humanitarian treaties, 60 23 f

Instruments, 2 16

Internal law, 2 18

International, 2 6 , 26,

International organisations, 1 11; 2 20; 3 passim; 5 passim

Interpretation, q.v.

Invalidity, q.v.

Method of codification, ICIL 23

Modification of, q.v.

Multilateral, q.v.

Name, 2 17

Negotiating States, q.v.

Negotiations of, q.v.

Non-retroactivity of, q.v.

Object and purpose,

–Defeat, obligation not to, 18 passim

–Preamble, Pre 2

Oral form, 2 20

Other subjects of international law, 1 4, 11; 1-Res 2 ; 2 20; 3 passim Pacta sunt servanda, q.v.

Parties, q.v.

Performance, impossibility of, q.v. Preamble, q.v.

Provisional application, 25 passim

–States inter se, by, 25 6 Publication of, 80 passim Ratification, q.v.

Registration of, 77 11; 80 passim Reservations, q.v.

Retroactivity of, q.v.

Separability of treaty provisions, 44 passim Signature, q.v.

States, q.v. Successive

treaties, conflict between, q.v. Suspension of, q.v. Synallagma, 2 7 Termination, q.v.

–Clauses on, ICIL 47 f

Territorial application of, 29 passim Text of, 9 passim

– Custody, 77 5 Third States, q.v.

ZACHARIAS

Validity of, 42 passim

Vienna Convention (1969), 1 passim; 2 1 ; 3 passim; 6 passim

Voting on, 9 passim

Withdrawal from, q.v.

Written form, 2 16; 3 3

Treaty-Making

Adoption of treaty, q.v.

Authority, 12 1

Simplified procedures, 7 1, 6, 14; 11 1, 28; 13 1, 13; 47 11

United Nations

Conciliation Commission, costs of, 66 Res-2 Depositary, 76 1

General Assembly, ICIL 2; 1-Res, passim; 15-Decl passim; 66-Res 2; 81 3 San Francisco, Conference (1945), 2 2

Secretariat, 79 16; 80 7

Secretary General, 52-Res passim; 66 10

–Depositary, 40 11; 76 10

–Conciliation Commission, 66 10; 66-Annex passim Security Council, 63 4

United Nations Charter, Pre 13; 1 8; 52 4 , 14 Article 2, para. 3, 65 6

Article 2, para. 4, 52 6, 20; 73 9; 75 3 Article 2, para. 6, 34 9

Article 33, 65 6, 19; 66 2 f Article 41, 63 4; 75 6 Article 51, 75 5

Article 102, HoC 2; 2 2 f; 69 1; 80, 1, 5 f, 13 Article 103, 30 9, 12

Article 108, 40 1

Article 109, 39 3 Chapter VII, 75 5, 9, 11

Jus cogens, 52 20; 53 19 Preamble, 26 1

United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Customary law, ICIL 30

Voting, 9 13

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), 2 1; 30 12; 40 10; 43 5; 59 6

Venire contra factum proprium, 18 8; 31 7; 36 6; 40 14; 48 10

Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 18 1; 34 1

Vienna Conference (1968/1969), see generally in each commentary: “History”, HoC 12, 14 Declarations, 15-Decl passim; 52-Decl passim

Disputes, settlement of, 65 4, 28, 30; 66 1; 66-Annex 1; 66-Res 1 Resolutions, 1-Res passim; 52-Res passim

Rules of procedure, HoC 14 ; 9 11 Voting, HoC 15, 18 f; 9 11

Vienna Congress (1815), 39 1

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (1961), 56 1; 65 1

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961), 1 8; 56 1; 63 5; 65 1

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)

Accession to, 83 passim Adoption of, 85 1 Applicability,

–Partial, 3 7

–To itself, ICIL 24 ; 5 8; 9 17; 19 16; 34 13; 39 12; 56 17

ZACHARIAS

As customary law, ICIL 52 ; 4 3

Authentic texts of, 85 passim

Binding nature, 26 4

Complex provisions, 19–23 8; 30 24; 60 30

Contractual obligation, 4 6 f, 12

Depositary

–UN Secretary General, 77 5; 85 2 Dispositive nature of, 19–23 9

Dispute settlement, 65–66 passim; 66-Annex passim; 66-Res passim

–Arbitration, 66 6 f

–Conciliation Commission, 66 10; 66-Annex passim

–International Court of Justice, 66 8 f

Entry into force, 4 6; 84 passim Final provisions, 65 7; 81–85 passim History, HoC passim

Invalidity of treaties, 42 passim Jus cogens, as, 20 3

Latin, use of, in, 26 2 Non-retroactivity, 4 passim; 28 passim Participation, 15-Decl 4

Preamble, Pre passim; 3 9

Provisions on customary law, ICIL 49 Ratification of, 82 passim

Reservations, q.v. Responsibility of States, 18 14 Scope, 1 passim; 2 1 Signature of, 81 passim States, 1 3, 8; 2 9

Termination of treaties, 42 passim Travaux préparatoires, HoC passim

Vienna Conference (1968/1969), HoC 12, 14 Withdrawal of reservations, 22 2

Withdrawal, unilateral, from, 56 17

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organisations or Between International Organisations (1986), Pre 6 n. 21; 1-Res passim; 5 6

Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debts (1983), Pre 6 n. 21

Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties (1978), Pre 6 n. 21; 73 6

Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in Their Relations with International Organisations of a Universal Character (1975), Pre 6 n. 21; 9 13

“Vienna-formula”, 81 7; 83 2

Voting

Treaty text, of, 9 passim

Waiver,

Loss of right to invoke grounds of invalidity, etc., 45 7

Withdrawal from treaty, 42 passim

Circumstances, change of, 62 24 f Customary law, 43 passim Instruments for declaring, 67 passim

– Revocation of, 68 passim Loss of right to invoke, 45 passim

Performance, impossibility of, 61 passim

Procedures, 65–66 passim; 66-Annex passim; 66-Res passim

Provisions envisaging, 54 passim Separability, treaty provisions, 44 passim

ZACHARIAS