Text C
DSTN displays
A normal passive matrix LCD comprises a number of layers. The first is a sheet of glass coated with metal oxide. The material used is highly transparent material so as not to interfere with the quality of the image's integrity. This operates as a grid of row and column electrodes which passes the current needed to activate the screen elements. On top of this, a polymer is applied that has a series of parallel grooves running across it to align the liquid crystal molecules in the appropriate direction, and to provide a base on which the molecules are attached. This is known as the alignment layer and is repeated on another glass plate that also carries a number of spacer beads, which maintain a uniform distance between the two sheets of glass when they're placed together.
The edges are then sealed with an epoxy, but with a gap left in one corner. This allows liquid-crystal material to be injected between the sheets (in a vacuum) before the plates are sealed completely. In early models, this process was prone to faults, resulting in stuck or lost pixels where the liquid crystal material had failed to reach all parts of the screen.
Next, polarising layers are applied to the outer-most surfaces of each glass sheet to match the orientation of the alignment layers. With DSTN, or dual scan screens, the orientation of alignment layers varies between 90 degrees and 270 degrees, depending on the total rotation of the liquid crystals between them. A backlight is added, typically in the form of cold-cathode fluorescent tubes mounted along the top and bottom edges of the panel, the light from these being distributed across the panel using a plastic light guide or prism.
The image which appears on the screen is created by this light as it passes through the layers of the panel. With no power applied across the LCD panel, light from the backlight is vertically polarised by the rear filter and refracted by
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the molecular chains in the liquid crystal so that it emerges from the horizontally polarised filter at the front. Applying a voltage realigns the crystals so that light can't pass, producing a dark pixel. Colour LCD displays simply use additional red, green and blue coloured filters over three separate LCD elements to create a single multi-coloured pixel.
However, the LCD response itself is very slow with the passive matrix driving scheme. With rapidly changing screen content such as video or fast mouse movements, smearing often occurs because the display can't keep up with the changes of content. In addition, passive matrix driving causes ghosting, an effect whereby an area of "on" pixels causes a shadow on "off" pixels in the same rows and columns. The problem of ghosting can be reduced considerably by splitting the screen in two and refreshing the halves independently and other improvements are likely to result from several other independent developments coming together to improve passive-matrix screens.
In the late 1990s, several evolutionary developments simultaneously increased dual-scan displays' speed and contrast. HPD (hybrid passive display) LCDs, co developed by Toshiba and Sharp, used a different formulation of the liquid crystal material, to provide an incremental, though significant, improvement in display quality at little increased cost. A lower viscosity liquid crystal means that the material can switch between states more quickly. Combined with an increased number of drive pulses applied to each line of pixels, this improvement allowed an HPD LCD to outperform DSTN and get closer to active matrix LCD performance. For example, DSTN cells have a response time of 300ms, compared to an HPD cell's 150ms and a TFT's 25ms. Contrast is improved from the previous typical 40:1 ratio to closer to 50:1 and crosstalk has also been improved.
Another approach was a technique called multiline addressing, which analysed the incoming video signal and switched the panel as quickly as the
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specific image allowed. Sharp offered a proprietary version of this technique called Sharp Addressing; Hitachi's version was called High Performance Addressing (HPA). These newer-generation panels all but eliminated ghosting, and generally delivered video quality and viewing angles that put them at least in the same ballpark as TFT screens, if still not quite in the same league.
VII. Put ten questions to the text C. Decipher all abbreviations from the text.
VIII. Put the words into the right order.
Matrix, LCD, A, comprises, passive, layers, normal, number, of, a. 
Varies, alignment, degrees, the, layers, between, and, orientation, 90, 270, of,
degrees.
Use, LCD, displays, colour, red, green, and, blue, simply, coloured, additional,
filters.
Driving, passive, ghosting, matrix, causes. 
Simultaneously, several, developments, increased, dual-scan, speed, and,
evolutionary, contrast, displays'.
IX. Translate the following text. Annotate it in English.
Key words: liquid-crystalline, cathode ray tube/CRT, plasma, projector, application, monitoring, useless, to be engaged (in), to exclude, intrinsic, orderliness.
Text D
Монітор
Рідкокристалічний монітор
Моніто́р(monitor – слідкувати) або дисплей (display – відображувати)
– електронний пристрій для відображення інформації. Сучасні комп'ютерні монітори бувають кількох типів:
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∙на основі електронно-променевої трубки (CRT).
∙рідкокристалічні (LCD, TFT як підвид LCD)
∙плазмові
∙проекційні
Основна характеристика дисплею – розмір екрану (традиційно вимірюється в дюймах). Плазмові і проекційні монітори використовуються там, де потрібен великий розмір екрану (діагональ метр і більше).
Терміни монітор та дисплей – дещо відмінні. Дисплей, як пристрій для відображення інформації, має ширше застосування, наприклад, дисплей мобільного телефону, а термін монітор пов'язується з комп'ютером або телеекраном дистанційного спостереження.
Без можливості бачити результати своєї роботи, персональний комп'ютер став би марним інструментом. Необхідно яким-небудь чином спостерігати за сигналами комп'ютерної системи, щоб знати, чим вона займається в даний момент. Сьогодні реалізацією подібного роду функцій займається відеосистема. Стандартним пристроєм виводу інформації, якому вже десятки років, є монітор.
Монітори, побудовані на електронно-променевих трубках (ЕПТ), активно витісняються новим поколінням рідкокристалічних моніторів, зручнішим і економнішим.
Екрани LCD (Liquid Crystal Display, рідкокристалічні монітори) зроблені з речовини (цианофеніл), що перебуває в рідкому стані, але при цьому має деякі властивості, притаманні кристалічним тілам. Фактично це рідина з анізотропними властивостями (зокрема, оптичними), зв'язаних з упорядкованістю орієнтації її молекул.
Unit 11
Text A
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I. Read and translate the following text. Give a brief history of computers development. Present it in written form. Answer the questions below the text.
The first hackers (continue)
Until the late 1970s, the computer was viewed as a massive machine that was useful to big business and big government but not to the general public. Computers were too cumbersome and expensive for private use, and most people were intimidated by them. As technology advanced, this was changed by a distinctive group of engineers and entrepreneurs who rushed to improve the designs of then current technology and to find ways to make the computer attractive to more people. Although these innovations of computer technology were very different from each other, they had common enthusiasm for technical innovation and the capacity to foresee the potential of computers. This was a very competitive and stressful time, and the only people who succeeded were the ones who were able to combine extraordinary engineering expertise with progressive business skills and an ability to foresee the needs of the future.
Much of this activity was centered in the Silicon Valley in Northern California where the first computer-related company had been located in 1955. That company attracted thousands of related businesses, and the area became known as the technological capital of the world. Between 1981 and 1986, more than 1000 new technology oriented businesses started there. At the busiest times, five or more, new companies started in a single week. The Silicon Vally attracted many risk-takers and gave them an opportunity to thrive in an atmosphere where creativity was expected and rewarded.
Robert Noyce was a risk-taker who was successful both as an engineer and as an entrepreneur. The son of an Iowa minister, he was informal, genuine, and methodical. Even when he was running one of the most successful businesses in the Silicon Vally, he dressed informally and his office was an open cubicle that looked like everyone else’s. A graduate of the Massachusetts
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Institute of Technology (MIT), he started working for one of the first computerrelated businesses in 1955. While working with this pioneers of computer engineering, he learned many things about computers and business management.
As an engineer, he co-invented the integrated circuit, which was the basis for later computer design. This integrated circuit was less than an eighth of an inch square but had the same power as a transistor unit that was over 15 inches square or a vacuum tube Unit that was 6.5 feet square. As a businessman, Noyce co-founded Intel, one of the most successful companies in the Silicon Vally and the first company to introduce the microprocessor. The microprocessor chip became the heart of the computer, making it possible for a large computer system that could be held in one’s hand. The directors of Intel could not have anticipated the effects that the microprocessor would have on the world. It made possible the invention of the personal computer and eventually led to the birth of thousands of new businesses. Noyce contributions to the development of the integrated circuit and the microprocessor earned him both wealth and fame before his death in 1990. In fact, many people considered his role to be one of the most significant in the Silicon Vally story.
(to be continued)
1.Why was the computer unattractive to most people before?
2.Where and when had the first computer-related company been located?
3.What area became known as the technological capital of the world?
4.What can you say about the Silicon Vally?
5.Was Robert Noyce successful both as an engineer and as an entrepreneur? Prove this.
6.Is Robert Noyce considered to be one of the most significant figure in the Silicon Vally story?
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II. Read and translate the text. Give the title to it. Render the text in English. Decipher all abbreviations used in the text in written form. Put all types of questions to the underlined sentences.
Text B
Normal music CDs and CD-ROMs are made from pre-pressed discs and encased in plastic. The actual data is stored through pits, or tiny indentations, on the silver surface of the internal disc. To read the disc, the drive shines a laser onto the CD-ROM's surface, and by interpreting the way in which the laser light is reflected from the disc it can tell whether the area under the laser is indented or not.
Thanks to sophisticated laser focusing and error detection routines, this process is pretty much ideal. However, there's no way the laser can change the indentations of the silver disc, which in turn means there's no way of writing new data to the disc once its been created. Thus, the technological developments to enable CD-ROMs to be written or rewritten to have necessitated changes to the disc media as well as to the read/write mechanisms in the associated CD-R and CD-RW drives.
At the start of 1997 it appeared likely that CD-R and CD-RW drives would be superseded by DVD technology almost before they had got off the ground. In the event, during that year DVD Forum members turned on each other triggering a DVD standards war and delaying product shipment. Consequently, the writable and rewritable CD formats were given a new lease of life.
For professional users, developers, small businesses, presenters, multimedia designers and home recording artists the recordable CD formats offer a range of powerful storage applications. Their big advantage over alternative removable storage technologies such as MO, LIMDOW and PD is that of CD media compatibility; CD-R and CD-RW drives can read nearly all the existing flavours of CD-ROMs and discs made by CD-R and CD-RW devices can be read on both
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(MultiRead-capable) CD-ROM drives and current and all future generations of DVD-ROM drive. A further advantage, itself a consequence of their wide compatibility, is the low cost of media; CD-RW media is cheap and CD-R media even cheaper. Their principal disadvantage is that there are limitations to their rewriteability; CD-R, of course, isn't rewritable at all and until recently CD-RW discs had to be reformatted to recover the space taken by "deleted" files when a disc becomes full, unlike the competing technologies which all offer true drag-and-drop functionality with no such limitation. Even now, however, CDRW rewriteability is less than perfect, resulting in a reduction of a CD-RW disc's storage capacity.
III. Put the words into the right order.
The, pits, stored, is, actual, through, data.
CDs, are, normal, made, music, pre-pressed, from, discs.
CD-ROM’s, a, laser, the, drive, surface, the, onto, shines.
Not, the, can, laser, disc, silver, the, the, of, indentations.
CD, a range of, offer, formats, storage, powerful, applications.
IV. Choose the correct tense of the verbs.
1. There (to be) four types of desktop computers. 2. Mouse (have not be) invented yet so everything was driven by the keyboard. 3. Desktops (to use) for performing office tasks. 4. Pre-pressed discs and plastic (to use) to make normal music CDs and CD-ROMs. 5. Computers (to be) commonly connected to a power strip. 6. For professional users, developers, small businesses, presenters, multimedia designers and home recording artists the recordable CD formats ( to offer) a range of powerful storage applications.
V. Read and translate the text. Annotate it in Ukrainian. Explain the use of underlined Predicates in Passive voice.
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Text C
CD-R
Write Once/Read Many storage (WORM) has been around since the late 1980s, and is a type of optical drive that can be written to and read from. When data is written to a WORM drive, physical marks are made on the media surface by a low-powered laser and since these marks are permanent, they cannot be erased, hence write once.
The characteristics of a recordable CD were specified in the Orange Book II standard in 1990 and Philips was first to market with a CD-R product in mid1993. It uses the same technology as WORM, changing the reflectivity of the organic dye layer which replaces the sheet of reflective aluminium in a normal CD disc. In its early days, cyanine dye and its metal-stabilised derivatives were the de facto standard for CD-R media. Indeed, the Orange Book, Part II, referred to the recording characteristics of cyanine-based dyes in establishing CDRecordable standards. Phthalocyanine dye is a newer dye that appears to be less sensitive to degradation from ordinary light such as ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence and sunshine. Azo dye has been used in other optical recording media and is now also being used in CD-R. These dyes are photosensitive organic compounds, similar to those used in making photographs. The media manufacturers use these different dyes in combination with dye thickness, reflectivity thickness and material and groove structure to fine tune their recording characteristics for a wide range of recording speeds, recording power and media longevity. To recreate some of the properties of the aluminium used in standard CDs and to protect the dye, a microscopic reflective layer - either a proprietary silvery alloy or 24-carat gold – is coated over the dye. The use of noble metal reflectors eliminates the risk of corrosion and oxidation. The CD-R media manufacturers have performed extensive media longevity studies using
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industry defined tests and mathematical modelling techniques, with results claiming longevity from 70 years to over 200 years. Typically, however, they will claim an estimated shelf life of between 5 and 10 years.
The colour of the CD-R disc is related to the colour of the specific dye that was used in the recording layer. This base dye colour is modified when the reflective coating (gold or silver) is added. Some of the dye-reflective coating combinations appear green, some appear blue and others appear yellow. For example, gold/green discs combine a gold reflective layer with a cyan-coloured dye, resulting in a gold appearance on the label side and a green appearance on the writing side. Taiyo Yuden produced the original cyanine dye-based gold/green CDs, which were used during the development of the Orange Book standard. Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals invented the process for gold/gold CDs. Silver/blue CD-Rs, manufactured with a process patented by Verbatim, first became widely available in 1996. Ricoh's silver/silver "Platinum" discs, based on "advanced phthalocyanine dye", appeared on the market in mid-1998.
The disc has a spiral track which is preformed during manufacture, onto which data is written during the recording process. This ensures that the recorder follows the same spiral pattern as a conventional CD, and has the same width of 0.6 microns and pitch of 1.6 microns as a conventional disc. Discs are written from the inside of the disc outward. The spiral track makes 22,188 revolutions around the CD, with roughly 600 track revolutions per millimetre.
Instead of mechanically pressing a CD with indentations, a CD-R writes data to a disc by using it's laser to physically burn pits into the organic dye. When heated beyond a critical temperature, the area "burned" becomes opaque (or absorptive) through a chemical reaction to the heat and subsequently reflects less light than areas that have not been heated by the laser. This system is designed to mimic the way light reflects cleanly off a "land" on a normal CD, but is scattered by a "pit", so a CD-R disc's data is represented by burned and
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non-burned areas, in a similar manner to how data on a normal CD is represented by its pits and lands. Consequently, a CD-R disc can generally be used in a normal CD player as if it were a normal CD.
However, CD-R is not strictly WORM. Whilst, like WORM, it is not possible to erase data – once a location on the CD-R disc has been written to, the colour change is permanent – CD-R allows multiple write sessions to different areas of the disc. The only problem here is that only multi-session compatible CD-ROM drives can read subsequent sessions; anything recorded after the first session will be invisible to older drives.
By the end of the 1990s the cost of a CD-R drive had fallen sufficiently for CD-R to became viable as a mainstream storage or back-up device. Indeed, it offered a number of advantages over alternative technologies.
Originally, CD-Rs came in 6 – or 74-minute formats holding up to 550MB or 650MB of data respectively. Even in their early days they represented a cheap bulk storage medium, at around 1p per megabyte. The ubiquity of CD-ROM drives made them an excellent medium for transferring large files between PCs. Unlike tape, CD-R is a random-access device, which makes it fast to get at archive material and discs are also more durable than tape cartridges and can't be wiped by coming into contact with, say a magnetic field. Finally, just about any form of data can be stored on a CD-ROM, it being possible to mix video, PhotoCD images, graphics, sound and conventional data on a single disc.
The CD-R format has not been free of compatibility issues however. Unlike ordinary CDs, the reflective surface of a CD-R (CD-Recordable) is made to exactly match the 780nm laser of an ordinary CD-ROM drive. Put a CD-R in a first generation DVD-ROM drive and it won't reflect enough 650nm light for the drive to read the data. Subsequent, dual-wavelength head devices solved this problem. Also, some CD-ROM drives' lasers, especially older ones, may not be calibrated to read recordable CDs.
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However, CD-R's real disadvantage is that the writing process is permanent. The media can't be erased and written to again. Only by leaving a session "open" - that is, not recording on the entire CD and running the risk of it not playing on all players – can data be incrementally added to a disc. This, of course, is not the most ideal of backup solutions and wastes resources. Consequently, after months of research and development, Philips and Sony announced another standard of CD: the CD-Rewritable (CD-RW).
VI. Translate into English.
1. USB робить комп’ютер сумісним з будь-яким пристроєм. 2. З’єднання з Інтернетом за допомогою модему – застаріла технологія. 3. У комп’ютері часто є кілька охолоджувачів. 4. На жорсткому диску інформація може зберігатися тривалий час, навіть коли відключено живлення. 5. Гнучкі диски вже застаріли, але бажано, щоб на комп’ютері був встановлений драйвер для їх читання. 6. Материнська плата пов’язує всі компоненти комп’ютера разом. 7. Оперативна пам'ять слугує для тимчасового зберігання даних. 8. Компоненти і порти комп’ютера знаходяться в системному блоці.
VII. True or false?
1.Modem is used to access data via a telephone line.
2.Sales boomed as a wide spectrum of users.
3.Any computer has a floppy disc drive.
4.Laptops are more expansive compared to desktops.
5.Desktop computers are commonly connected to a power strip.
6.The first desktop computer was invented in 1951.
7.All-in-all computers were invented by Hewlett Packard.
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8.Notebooks contain components that are opposite to their desktop counterparts and perform the same functions.
9.A mouse was invented later than keyboard.
10.Computer always has two disc drives.
11.The laptops’ components are miniaturized.
VIII. Translate the text into English.
Key words: single, recording, possibility, ray, to absorb, organic, dye, blank, reflective, presence.
Text D
CD-R
CD-R (Compact Disc-Recordable, Записуваний Компакт-Диск) — різновид компакт-диску (CD), розроблений компаніями Philips та Sony для
однократного запису інформації. CD-R підтримує всі можливості
стандарту "Red-Book" і плюс до цього дозволяє записати дані.
Інформація записується на диск за допомогою пристрою для запису (CD-рекордер). Енергія променю лазера поглинається органічним барвником болванки, внаслідок чого він змінює свою відбивну здатність. Іноді цей процес називають "прожигом", що насправді не зовсім вірно. Зчитуються такі болванки дещо гірше, ніж звичайні CD-ROM-диски через наявність додаткового шару, що зменшує коефіцієнт відбиття.
Unit 12
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Text A
I. Read and translate the following text. Give a brief history of computers development. Present it in a written form. Answer the questions below the text.
The first hackers (continue)
The two men who first introduced the personal computer (PC) to the marketplace had backgrounds unlike Robert Noyce’s. They had neither prestigious university education nor experience in big business. Twenty-year-old Steven Jobs and twenty-four-year-old Stephen Wozniak were college’ drop outs who had collaborated on their first project as computer hobbyists in a local computer club. Built in the garage of Jobs’ parents, this first personal computer utilized the technology of Noyce’s integrated circuit. It was typewriter-sized, as powerful as a much larger computer, and inexpensive to build. To Wozniak the new machine was a gadget to share with other members of their computer club. To Jobs, however, it was a product with great marketing potential for homes and small businesses. To raise the $1300 needed to fill their first orders Jobs sold his Volkswagen bus and Wozniak sold his scientific calculator. Wozniak built and delivered the first order of 100 computers in ten days. Lacking funds, he was forced to use the least expensive materials, the fewest chips, and the most creative arrangement of components. Jobs and Wozniak soon had more orders than they could fill with their makeshift production line. Computer technology has opened a variety of opportunities for people who are creative risk-takers. Those who have been successful have been alert technologically, creatively, and financially. They have known when to use the help of other people and when to work alone. Whereas some have been immediately successful, others have gone unrewarded for their creative and financial investments; some failure is inevitable in an environment as competitive as the Silicon Vally. Rarely in history have so many people been so motivated to create. Many of them have
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been rewarded greatly with fame and fortune, and the world has benefited from this frenzy of innovation.
1.Who first introduced the personal computer (PC) to the marketplace?
2.Where was the first personal computer built?
3.What was the new machine to Wozniak?
4.What was the new machine to Jobs?
5.Computer technology has opened a variety of opportunities for people who are creative risk-takers, hasn’t it?
II. Read and translate the text. Put ten questions to the text. Annotate it in Ukrainian.
Text B
CD-RW
Just as CD-R appeared to be on the verge of becoming a consumer product, the launch of CD-Rewritable CD-ROM, or CD-RW, in mid-1997 posed a serious threat to its future and provided further competition to the various super floppy alternatives.
The result of collaboration between Hewlett-Packard, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Philips, Ricoh and Sony, CD-RW allows a user to record over old redundant data or to delete individual files. Known as Orange Book III, CDRW's specifications ensure compatibility within the family of CD products, as well as forward compatibility with DVD-ROM.
The technology behind CD-RW is optical phase-change, which in its own right is nothing radical. However, the technology used in CD-Rewritable does not incorporate any magnetic field like the phase-change technology used with
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MO technology. The media themselves are generally distinguishable from CD-R discs by their metallic grey colour and have the same basic structure as a CD-R disc but with significant detail differences. A CD-RW disc's phase-change medium consists of a polycarbonate substrate, moulded with a spiral groove for servo guidance, absolute time information and other data, on to which a stack (usually five layers) is deposited. The recording layer is sandwiched between dielectric layers that draw excess heat from the phase-change layer during the writing process. In place of the CD-R disc's dye-based recording layer, CD-RW commonly uses a crystalline compound made up of a mix of silver, indium, antimony and tellurium. This rather exotic mix has a very special property: when it's heated to one temperature and cooled it becomes crystalline, but if it's heated to a higher temperature, when it cools down again it becomes amorphous. The crystalline areas allow the metalized layer to reflect the laser better while the non-crystalline portion absorbs the laser beam, so it is not reflected.
In order to achieve these effects in the recording layer, the CD-Rewritable recorder uses three different laser powers:
–the highest laser power, which is called "Write Power", creates a noncrystalline (absorptive) state on the recording layer;
–the middle power, also known as "Erase Power", melts the recording layer and converts it to a reflective crystalline state;
–the lowest power, which is "Read Power", does not alter the state of the recording layer, so it can be used for reading the data.
During writing, a focused "Write Power" laser beam selectively heats areas of the phase-change material above the melting temperature (500-700 oC), so all the atoms in this area can move rapidly in the liquid state. Then, if cooled sufficiently quickly, the random liquid state is "frozen-in" and the so-called amorphous state is obtained. The amorphous version of the material shrinks, leaving a pit where the laser dot was written, resulting in a recognisable CD
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surface. When an "Erase Power" laser beam heats the phase-change layer to below the melting temperature but above the crystallisation temperature (200 oC) for a sufficient time (at least longer than the minimum crystallisation time), the atoms revert back to an ordered state (i.e. the crystalline state). Writing takes place in a single pass of the focused laser beam; this is sometimes referred to as "direct overwriting" and the process can be repeated several thousand times per disc.
Once the data has been burned the amorphous areas reflect less light, enabling a "Read Power" laser beam to detect the difference between the lands and the pits on the disk. One compromise here is that the disc reflects less light than CD-ROMs or CD-Rs and consequently CD-RW discs can only be read on CD players that support the new MultiRead specification. Even DVD-ROM drives, which themselves use the UDF file format, need a dual-wavelength head to read CD-RW.
CD-RW drives are dual-function, offering both CD-R and CD-RW recording, so the user can choose which recordable media is going to be the best for a particular job. By mid-1998 devices were capable of reading at 6-speed, writing both CD-R and CD-RW media at 4-speed. By the end of that year read performance had been increased to 16-speed - a level of performance at which the need for a dedicated, fast CD-ROM drive for everyday access to disc-based data was debatable. By late 2000 the best drives were capable of writing CD- RW/CD-R media and of reading CD-ROMs at 10/12/32-speed. Six months later the top performing drives were rated at 10/24/40.
Although UDF allows users to drag and drop files to discs, CD-RW isn't quite as easy to use as a hard disk. Initially limitations in the UDF standard and associated driver software meant that when data was deleted from a CD-RW, those areas of the disc were merely marked for deletion and were not immediately accessible. A disc could be used until all its capacity was used, but
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then the entire disc had to be erased to reclaim its storage space using a "sequential erase" function. In hardware terms erasing a disk is accomplished by heating up the surface to a lower temperature, but for a longer time, which returns it to the crystalline state.
Evolution of the UDF standard and developments in associated driver software have improved things considerably, making CD-RW behave more like, but still not quite in identical fashion to, hard drives or floppy disks.
III. Complete the sentences.
1.The result of a collaboration between Hewlett-Packard, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Philips, Ricoh and Sony, CD-RW allows a user to ...
2.The technology used in CD-Rewritable does not incorporate any magnetic field like ...
3.A CD-RW disc's phase-change medium consists of ...
4. ... CD-RW commonly uses a crystalline compound made up of a mix of silver, indium, antimony and tellurium.
5. ... the atoms revert back to an ordered state. 6. By late 2000 the best drives were capable of ...
IV. Fill in the blanks with suitable words: allows, uses, are, incorporate, record, read, consists, ensure.
1. CD-RW allows a user to ... over old redundant data or to delete individual files. 2. CD-RW's specifications ... compatibility within the family of CD products. 3 The technology used in CD-Rewritable does not ... any magnetic field like the phase-change technology used with MO technology. 4. A CD-RW disc's phase-change medium ... of a polycarbonate substrate. 5. CD-RW commonly ... a crystalline compound made up of a mix of silver, indium, antimony and tellurium. 6. CD-RW discs can only be ... on CD players that
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support the new MultiRead specification. 7. CD-RW drives ... dual-function, offering both CD-R and CD-RW recording. 8. Although UDF ... users to drag and drop files to discs, CD-RW isn't quite as easy to use as a hard disk.
V. Find proper English-Ukrainian equivalents.
Delete, redundant data, consumer product, compatibility, phase-change, recording layer, debatable.
Записуючий шар, споживчий товар, фазовий, суперечливий, надлишкові дані, сумісність, видаляти.
VI. Find the mistakes and correct the sentences.
1.The computer of forty years ago ran two programs at a time.
2.It may have passed several days before the first programmer get a chance to run his deck of card throughout the machine again.
3.The computer program would load the program the programmer had written and push it.
4.Once upon a time, there were no such things as an operating system.
5.Some resources can be on the hard disk, or a printer, or the monitor.
VII. Complete the article. Use but, although or however.
Bill Gates became interested in computers at school although in those days they weren’t very common. When he left school, he went to Harvard University to study law. _______, he spent most of his time in the computer centre. In 1975, he and his friend Paul Allen successfully wrote a software program for the first microcomputer, and Altair, _______ they didn’t even have one. Gates was top of his class at Harvard, _______ he left without finishing his degree. Then he and Allen started Microsoft. In the 1990s, the US government wanted to break up a Microsoft because they said the company was a monopoly.
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Gates was able to stop them, _______. Today Gates is a billionaire, _______ he also gives millions of dollars to charity.
VIII. Translate the text into English.
Key words: variety, many times, to be obliterated, phase change, small blister, amorphous.
Text C
CD-RW
CD-RW (Compact Disc-ReWritable, Перезаписуваний компакт-диск)
– різновид компакт-диску (CD), розроблений в 1997 році для багаторазового запису інформації.
Різниця між CD-R і CD-RW полягає в тому, що диски CD-RW можуть бути стерті й повторно записані, у той час як на дисках CD-R можливий тільки однократний запис. В іншому CD-RW використовуються так само, як і диски CD-R . Технологія запису інформації на CD-RW-диски дещо відрізняється від CD-R. Приводи CD-RW використовують технологію зміни фази. Замість створення "пухирців" і деформацій записуваного шару барвника, стан матеріалу в записуваному шарі змінюється із кристалічного на аморфний.
Unit 13
I. Using the material of the text make up the advertisement inviting people to use the Internet. Be ready to speak about the role of the Internet in the modern life, in your life.
Text A
Internet and modern life
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The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody knows that Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundreds of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other. The history of the Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was a military experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war, when everything around might be polluted by radiation and it would be dangerous to get out for any living being to get some information to anywhere. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology was called packet switching.
Invention of modems, special devices allowing our computers to send the information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for millions of people.
Most the Internet host computers are in the United States of America. It is clear that the accurate number of users can be counted fairly approximately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there are hundreds of millions of users and their number is growing.
Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people can do it either they are at home or in the internet clubs or at work. Other popular services are available on the Internet, too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated news servers, telnet, FTP servers, etc.
In many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable, alternative to the expansive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own system of communications.
Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for international calls around the
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world, when they pay a good deal of money. But saving money is only the first step and not the last one. There is a commercial use of this network and it is drastically increasing. Now you can work through the Internet, gambling and playing through the net.
However, there are some problems. The most important problem is security. When you send an e-mail, your message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being sent over the Internet. But there are many encoding programs available. Not with-standing, these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked. Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there is no effective control in the Internet because of a huge amount of information circulating through the net. It is like a tremendous library and market together. In the future, the situation might change, but now we have what we have. It could be expressed in two words – an anarchist’s dream.
II. Find proper Ukrainian equivalents to the proposed words.
Entered, to communicate, security, different, commercial, tremendous, drastically, circulating, switching, increasing.
Зв’язуватися, розповсюдження, відмінний, рішуче, перемикання, безпека, збільшення, комерційний, величезний, введений.
III. Translate the word-combinations into English.
Введений у повсякденне життя; глобальна комп’ютерна мережа; військовий експеримент; розроблений для допомоги; винайдення модемів; рішуче збільшення.
IV. Answer the questions.
1. Where did the history of the Internet begin?
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