VII. Read and translate the text. Annotate it in Ukrainian:

Text B

Evolution

The original PC had a minimum of integrated devices, just ports for a keyboard and a cassette deck (for storage). Everything else, including a display adapter and floppy or hard disk controllers, were add-in components, connected via expansion slots.

Over time, more devices have been integrated into the motherboard. It's a slow trend though, as I/O ports and disk controllers were often mounted on expansion cards as recently as 1995. Other components – typically graphics, networking, SCSI and sound – usually remain separate. Many manufacturers have experimented with different levels of integration, building in some or even all of these components. However, there are drawbacks. It's harder to upgrade the specification if integrated components can't be removed, and highly integrated motherboards often require non-standard cases. Furthermore, replacing a single faulty component may mean buying an entire new motherboard.

Consequently, those parts of the system whose specification changes fastest

– RAM, CPU and graphics – tend to remain in sockets or slots for easy replacement. Similarly, parts that not all users need, such as networking or SCSI, are usually left out of the base specification to keep costs down.

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Motherboard development consists largely of isolating performance-critical components from slower ones. As higher speed devices become available, they are linked by faster buses – and the lower-speed buses are relegated to supporting roles. In the late 1990s there was also trend towards putting peripherals designed as integrated chips directly onto the motherboard. Initially this was confined to audio and video chips – obviating the need for separate sound or graphics adapter cards – but in time the peripherals integrated in this way became more diverse and included items such as SCSI, LAN and even RAID controllers. While there are cost benefits to this approach the biggest downside is the restriction of future upgrade options.

VIII. Put the verbs in brackets in the required tense forms and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. The Intel Advanced/ML motherboard, launched in 1996, (to be designed) to mark the beginning of a new era in motherboard design. 2. Its size and layout (to be) completely different to the BAT format, following a new scheme known as ATX. 3. The ATX design (to get) round the problem by moving the CPU socket and the voltage regulator to the right-hand side of the expansion bus. 4. Room (to be made) for the CPU by making the card slightly wider, and shrinking or integrating components such as the Flash BIOS, I/O logic and keyboard controller. 5. The ATX (to use) a new specification of power supply that can be powered on or off by a signal from the motherboard. 6. This (to allow) notebook-style power management and software-controlled shutdown and power-up. 7. Accessibility of the processor and memory modules (to be improved) dramatically, and relocation of the peripheral connectors (allow) shorter cables to be used. 8. This also (to help) reduce electromagnetic interference. 9. The ATX power supply (to have) a side vent that blows air from

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the outside directly across the processor and memory modules, allowing passive heat sinks to be used in most cases, thereby reducing system noise.

IX. Put the words into the right order.

Intel's NLX design, low-profile, an improvement, for, is, systems, on, design, the, LPX.

The NLX, so, desktop, format, suited, is, cases, well, smaller, for, low-profile. All expansion slots, are located, cables, and, peripheral, on, an, power, connectors, riser, card, edge-mounted.

The, of, an, design, for, card, allows, AGP, use.

X.Put questions to which the following sentences would be the answers.

1.The FlexATX is a natural evolution of the Intel's microATX form factor which was first unveiled in late 1999. 2. The FlexATX addendum to the microATX specification addresses the requirements of only the motherboard and not the overall system solution. 3. The principal difference between FlexATX and microATX is that the new form factor reduces the size of the motherboard - to 9in x 7.5in. 4. In the spring of 2000 VIA Technologies announced an even smaller motherboard than the FlexATX. 4. The key innovation that allows the ITX to achieve such a compact form is the specially designed slimline power unit with built in fan. 5. Unsurprisingly Intel's FlexATX form factor uses its CNR riser architecture, while the ITX uses the rival ACR architecture.

XI. Read and translate the text. Annotate it in Ukrainian.

Text C

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BIOS

All motherboards include a small block of Read Only Memory (ROM) which is separate from the main system memory used for loading and running software. The ROM contains the PC's Basic Input/Output System (BIOS). This offers two advantages: the code and data in the ROM BIOS need not be reloaded each time the computer is started, and they cannot be corrupted by wayward applications that write into the wrong part of memory. A Flash upgradeable BIOS may be updated via a floppy diskette to ensure future compatibility with new chips, add-on cards etc.

The BIOS comprises several separate routines, serving different functions. The first part runs as soon as the machine is powered on. It inspects the computer to determine what hardware is fitted and then conducts some simple tests to check that everything is functioning normally - a process called the power-on self test (POST). If any of the peripherals are plug and play devices, it's at this point that the BIOSes assign their resources. There's also an option to enter the Setup program. This allows the user to tell the PC what hardware is fitted, but thanks to automatic self-configuring BIOSes this isn't used so much now.

If all the tests are passed, the ROM then tries to determine which drive to boot the machine from. Most PCs ship with the BIOS set to check for the presence of an operating system in the floppy disk drive first (A:), then on the primary hard disk drive. Any modern BIOS will allow the floppy drive to be moved down the list so as to reduce normal boot time by a few seconds. To accommodate PCs that ship with a bootable CD-ROM, some BIOSes allow the CD-ROM drive to be assigned as the boot drive. Some also allow booting from a hard disk drive other than the primary IDE drive. In this case it would be possible to have different operating systems - or separate instances of the same

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OS - on different drives. Many BIOSes allow the start-up process to be interrupted to specify the first boot device without actually having to enter the BIOS setup utility itself. If no bootable drive is detected, a message is displayed indicating that the system requires a system disk. Once the machine has booted, the BIOS serves a different purpose by presenting DOS with a standardised API for the PC hardware. In the days before Windows, this was a vital function, but 32-bit "protect mode" software doesn't use the BIOS, so again it's of less benefit today.

Windows 98 (and later) provides multiple display support. Since most PCs have only a single AGP slot, users wishing to take advantage of this will generally install a second graphics card in a PCI slot. In such cases, most BIOSes will treat the PCI card as the main graphics card by default. Some, however, allow either the AGP card or the PCI card to be designated as the primary graphics card.

Whilst the PCI interface has helped - by allowing IRQs to be shared more easily - the limited number of IRQ settings available to a PC remains a problem for many users. For this reason, most BIOSes allow ports that are not in use to be disabled. With the increasing popularity of cable and ADSL Internet connections and the ever-increasing availability of peripherals that use the USB interface, it will often be possible to get by without needing either a serial or a parallel port.

XII. Put all types of questions to the following sentences.

1. All motherboards include a small block of Read Only Memory (ROM) which is separate from the main system memory used for loading and running software. 2. The BIOS comprises several separate routines, serving different functions. 3. A Flash upgradeable BIOS may be updated via a floppy diskette to

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ensure future compatibility with new chips, add-on cards etc. 4. If all the tests are passed, the ROM then tries to determine which drive to boot the machine from. 5. Any modern BIOS will allow the floppy drive to be moved down the list so as to reduce normal boot time by a few seconds.

XIII. Translate the text and define functions of Predicates. Put questions to which the following sentences would be the answers.

Motherboards include a separate block of memory made from very low power consumption CMOS (complementary metal oxide silicon) RAM chips, which is kept "alive" by a battery even when the PC's power is off. This is used to store basic information about the PC's configuration: number and type of hard and floppy drives, how much memory, what kind and so on. All this used to be entered manually, but modern auto-configuring BIOSes do much of this work, in which case the more important settings are advanced settings such as DRAM timings. The other important data kept in CMOS memory is the time and date, which is updated by a Real Time Clock (RTC). The clock, CMOS RAM and battery are usually all integrated into a single chip. The PC reads the time from the RTC when it boots up, after which the CPU keeps time - which is why system clocks are sometimes out of sync. Rebooting the PC causes the RTC to be reread, increasing their accuracy.

XIV. Translate the text into English.

Key words: installed, sewn in, electronic details, machine-oriented, start(ing), to load, compatibility, specific, tools.

Text D

Вбудовані програми і BIOS

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Вбудованими програмами називають ті заводські програми, які вшиті в електронні деталі комп’ютера. Вбудовані програми й одна з них BIOS виконують усі базові машинно орієнтовані функції для запуску, введення/ виведення ще до того, як буде завантажена будь-яка інша програма. З міркувань захисту промислових зразків заборонено виготовляти і продавати ідентичні копії оригіналу комп’ютера IBM-PC. Сумісності на 100% з IBM моделями комп’ютера насправді бути не може. Тому кожен комп’ютер повинен мати специфічні для даної фірми мікропрограми, які зберігаються в мікросхемах і здійснюють керування технічними засобами відповідно до потреб кожної моделі.

Unit 8

I. Read the following paragraph, which is from an essay about the Internet. Ignore the underlining for the moment. Is the tone of the paragraph:

A too indecisive?

B too blunt and direct?

C more appropriate for a report than an essay?

Large numbers of people use the Internet these days at home and in the office. (1) This trend will continue as people become aware of the ease with which they can send and receive information in any format and communicate with others around the world by means of e-mail. Although the benefits of this new technology are apparent, the negative aspects of the Internet (2) have been ignored. (3) People dismiss any view that is even mildly critical as being alarmist or perhaps uninformed. (4) It is sad, for example, that many parents (5) do not worry about the amount of time their children spend 'surfing the net'. Even though doctors and psychologists have warned about the possibility of Internet addiction, few parents take this warnings seriously.

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The writing is rather blunt in tone. We often use expressions which 'tone down' statements, to avoid appearing aggressive. Rewrite the underlined parts of the introduction, using the words or phrases from the box below. More than one answer is possible.

to a large extend/ largely rather

in all probability/ there is every likelihood/ it is likely that seem to/appear to there is a tendency for

II. Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived from the words in brackets.

The Internet has changed 1) _____ (to communicate) as we know it. From education to 2) _____ (to advertise) this new 3) _____ (technology) advance has affected 4) _____ (practical) every aspects of our lives. Magazines, newspapers and even books are 'on line' and can be read on the computer. You can find 5) _____ (to inform) on any topic – the 6) _____ (possible) are 7)

_____ (end). The Internet can 8) _____ (instant) connect you to other computers, allowing you to 'chat' with people all over the world. It’s actually very easy to learn how to use the system, and once you are on-line, you’ll never want to turn the computer off! The 9) _____ (to develop) of such technology has come a long way. These 10) _____ (to amaze) electronic devices have changed many people’s lives forever.

III. Read and translate the text. Try to annotate it in English.

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Text A

Storage/CD-ROM

When Sony and Philips invented the Compact Disc (CD) in the early 1980s, even they couldn't ever have imagined what a versatile carrier of information it would become. Launched in 1982, the audio CD's durability, random access features and audio quality made it incredibly successful, capturing the majority of the market within a few years. CD-ROM followed in 1984, but it took a few years longer to gain the widespread acceptance enjoyed by the audio CD. This consumer reluctance was mainly due to a lack of compelling content during the first few years that the technology was available. However, there are now countless games, software applications, encyclopaedias, presentations and other multimedia programs available on CD-ROM and what was originally designed to carry 74 minutes of high-quality digital audio can now hold up to 650MB of computer data, 100 publishable photographic scans, or even 74 minutes of VHS-quality full-motion video and audio. Many discs offer a combination of all three, along with other information besides.

Today's mass produced CD-ROM drives are faster and cheaper than they've ever been. Consequently, not only is a vast range of software now routinely delivered on CD-ROM, but many programs (databases, multimedia titles, games and movies, for example) are also run directly from CD-ROM - often over a network. The CD-ROM market now embraces internal, external and portable drives, caddyand tray-loading mechanisms, single-disc and multichanger units, SCSI and EIDE interfaces, and a plethora of standards.

In order to understand what discs do what and which machine will read what, it is necessary to identify clearly the different formats. A given standard is known by the colour of its cover. All CD-ROM drives are Yellow Bookand

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Red Book-compatible, along with boasting built-in digital-to-analogue converters (DACs) which enable you to listen to Red Book audio discs directly through headphone or line audio sockets.

IV. Fill in the blanks with suitable words: were carried out, got to develop, started, went, relied, were, formed to develop, created.

1.When Philips and Sony … together … CD, there were just the two companies talking primarily about a replacement for the LP. 2. Decisions about how the system would work … … … largely by engineers and all went very smoothly. 3. The specification for the CD's successor … entirely the other way, with arguments, confusions, half-truths and Machiavellian intrigue behind the scenes. 4. It all … badly with Matsushita Electric, Toshiba and the moviemakers Time/Warner in one corner, with their Super Disc (SD) technology, and Sony and Philips in the other, pushing their Multimedia CD (MMCD) technology. 5. The two disc formats … totally incompatible, creating the possibility of a VHS/Betamax-type battle. 6. Under pressure from the computer industry, the major manufacturers … a DVD Consortium … a single standard. 7. The DVD-ROM standard that resulted at the end of 1995 was a compromise between the two technologies but … heavily on SD. 8. The major developers, in all, … an uneasy alliance under what later became known as the DVD Forum, continuing to bicker over each element of technology being incorporated in the final specification.

V.Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of Participles. Put the verbs in brackets in a proper tense form.

1.The reasons for the continued rearguard actions (to be) simple. 2. For every item of original technology put into DVD, a license fee (to have) to be paid to the owners of the technology. 3. These license fees may only (to be) a

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few cents per drive but when the market (to amount) to millions of drives a year, it is well worth arguing over. 4. If this didn't make matters bad enough, in (to wade) the movie industry. 5. Paranoid about losing all its DVD-Video material to universal pirating, Hollywood first (to decide) it wanted an anti-copying system along the same lines as the SCMS system introduced for DAT tapes. 6. Just as that was being sorted out, Hollywood (to become) aware of the possibility of a computer being used for bit-for-bit file copying from a DVD disc to some other medium. 7. The consequence (to be) an attempt to have the U.S. Congress pass legislation similar to the Audio Home Recording Act (the draft was called "Digital Video Recording Act") and to insist that the computer industry be covered by the proposed new law. 8. Whilst their efforts to force legislation (to fail), the movie studios did succeed in forcing a deeper copy protection requirement into the DVD-Video standard, and the resultant Content Scrambling System (CSS) was finalised toward the end of 1996. 9. Subsequent to this, many other content protection systems have been developed.

VI. Put all types of questions to the following sentences.

1. Launched in 1982, the audio CD's durability, random access features and audio quality made it incredibly successful, capturing the majority of the market within a few years. 2. CD-ROM followed in 1984, but it took a few years longer to gain the widespread acceptance enjoyed by the audio CD. 3. There are now countless games, software applications, encyclopaedias, presentations and other multimedia programs available on CD-ROM. 4. Today's mass produced CD-ROM drives are faster and cheaper than they've ever been. 5. The CD-ROM market now embraces internal, external and portable drives, caddyand trayloading mechanisms, single-disc and multichanger units, SCSI and EIDE interfaces, and a plethora of standards. 6. In order to understand what discs do

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what and which machine will read what, it is necessary to identify clearly the different formats.

VII. Translate the text and define the functions of Predicates. Try to annotate the text in Ukrainian. Put all types of questions to the underlined sentences.

Text B

Storage/Hard Disks

When the power to a PC is switched off, the contents of memory are lost. It is the PC's hard disk that serves as a non-volatile, bulk storage medium and as the repository for a user's documents, files and applications. It's astonishing to recall that back in 1954, when IBM first invented the hard disk, capacity was a mere 5MB stored across fifty 24in platters. 25 years later Seagate Technology introduced the first hard disk drive for personal computers, boasting a capacity of up to 40MB and data transfer rate of 625 KBps using the MFM encoding method. A later version of the company's ST506 interface increased both capacity and speed and switched to the RLL encoding method. It's equally hard to believe that as recently as the late 1980s 100MB of hard disk space was considered generous. Today, this would be totally inadequate, hardly enough to install the operating system alone, let alone a huge application such as Microsoft Office.

The PC's upgradeability has led software companies to believe that it doesn't matter how large their applications are. As a result, the average size of the hard disk rose from 100MB to 1.2GB in just a few years and by the start of the new millennium a typical desktop hard drive stored 18GB across three 3.5in platters. Thankfully, as capacity has gone up prices have come down, improved areal density levels being the dominant reason for the reduction in price per megabyte.

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It's not just the size of hard disks that has increased. The performance of fixed disk media has also evolved considerably. When the Intel Triton chipset arrived, EIDE PIO mode 4 was born and hard disk performance soared to new heights, allowing users to experience high-performance and high-capacity data storage without having to pay a premium for a SCSI-based system.

VIII. Put the words into the right order.

PC's, as, bulk, the, that, non-volatile, serves, medium, hard, disk, a, storage. Technology, the, first, Seagate, introduced, hard, disk, Seagate, computers,

drive, for, personal.

100MB, just, a, the, 1.2GB, average, of, to, size, rose, the, from, few, hard,

years, in, disk.

The, of, has, considerably, performance, disk, evolved, fixed, media. The, for, PC's, the, as, hard, disk, serves, files, repository, user's, a, documents,

applications, and.

IX. Ask questions to which the following sentences would be the answers.

1. Most companies offering removable storage devices will claim that they're great for backing up hard disks. 2. In reality, the market they're trying to muscle in on is outside their capabilities. 3. The traditional security backup technology - tape - remains the best choice, and for two very good reasons: capacity and cost. 4. The more inconvenient a security backup regime is to implement, the less likely users are to bother. 5. With the size of the average hard disk now several gigabytes, tape is generally the only media that allows a complete hard disk to be backed-up without needing to swap media during the process. 6. Furthermore, removable storage media is comparatively expensive, with overall costs up to ten times that of tape.

X. Translate into English.

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Key words: data medium, flexible, drive, slang, plate, covered, damage, envelope, read-out, disk drive, protection.

Text C

Дискета

Дискета (Floppy disk) – носій інформації, гнучкий магнітний диск (флопі-диск). Цей вид носія був особливо розповсюджений в 1970-х – початку 2000-х років. Замість терміна «дискета» іноді використовується абревіатура ГМД – «гнучкий магнітний диск». Відповідно, пристрій для роботи з дискетами називається НГМД – «накопичувач на гнучких магнітних дисках», жаргонний варіант – флоп, флопа́квід англ. floppydisk.

Звичайно дискета являє собою гнучку пластикову пластинку, покриту феромагнітним шаром, звідси англійська назва floppy disk («гнучкий диск»). Ця пластинка міститься в пластмасовому корпусі, що захищає магнітний шар від фізичних ушкоджень. Оболонка буває гнучкою або міцною. Запис і зчитування дискет здійснюється за допомогою спеціального пристрою — дисковода (флопі-дисковода).

Дискети звичайно мають функцію захисту від запису, за допомогою якої можна надати доступ до даних тільки в режимі читання.

Unit 9

I. Read the text and explain the words in bold. Answer the question below.

Text A

Web development as an industry

Since the mid-1990s, web development has been one of the fastest growing industries in the world. In 1995 there were fewer than 10,000 web development companies in the United States alone, but by 2005 there were over

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30,000 such companies. The web development industry is expected to grow over 20% by 2010. The growth of this industry is being pushed by large business wishing to sell products and services to their customers and to automate business workflow.

In addition, cost of Web site development has dropped dramatically during this time. Instead of costing tens of thousands of dollars, as was the case for early websites, one can now develop a simple web site for less than a thousand dollars. Smaller Web site development companies are now able to make web design accessible to both smaller companies and individuals. Besides, there are many systems available to the public free of charge. Another contributing factor has been the rise of easy-to-use web development software, like Microsoft FrontPage or Adobe Dreamweaver. Using such software, virtually anyone can develop a Web page in a matter of minutes. Knowledge of HyperText Markup Language (HTML), or other programming languages is not required, but recommended for professional results.

Examples of dramatic transformation in communication and commerce led by web development include e-commerce. Online auction sites such as eBay, online resellers such as Amazon.com and Buy.com have transformed the shopping experience for many consumers. Another good example of transformative communication led by web development is the blog (web log). Web applications such as WordPress have created easily implemented blog environments for individual Web sites.

1.What is the growth of the Web development industry being pushed by?

2.How has cost of Web site development dropped during this time?

3.Is it possible to make web design accessible to both smaller companies and individuals?

4.What is a good example of transformation in communication and commerce?

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II. Find out if the following statements to the text A are true or false.

•The growth of this industry is being pulled back by large business wishing to sell products and services to their customers and to automate business workflow.

•Smaller Web site development companies aren’t able to make web design accessible to both smaller companies and individuals.

III. Fill in the gaps in the following text with one suitable word.

Text B

Big Brother is watching you

Big Brother could soon be (0) keeping an eye on the staff. Several international companies ate consulting scientists on ways of developing microchip implants for their workers in (1) ………. to measure their timekeeping and whereabouts.

The technology, (2) ……….. has already been successfully tested (3) …….. pets and human volunteers, would (4) ………. it possible for firms to track staff around the building. The data could enable them to draw (5) ……….

estimates of workers’ efficiency and productivity.

British scientist Kevin Warwick hit the headlines recently when he (6) …… a silicon chip implanted to his forearm. He was subsequently (7) …….. to show how a computer could monitor (8) ……… every move, using detectors that were located around the building (9) ……… he worked.

In his experiment, Warwick sowed how the system could also (10) ……. of benefit to workers by programming (11) ……. to switch on lights, computers and heating systems. (12) ………. he entered a room.

It seemed (13) ………. that the technology will (14) ………. an appeal to companies with high labour costs, and (15) ……… which small increases in

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productivity can have an immediate impact on profits. At just a few pounds, it is also relatively cheap.

IV. Read and translate the text. Try to annotate it in Ukrainian.

Text C

Storage/DVD

After a lifespan of ten years, during which time the capacity of hard disks increased a hundred-fold, the CD-ROM finally got the facelift it required to take it into the next century when a standard for DVD, initially called digital video disc but eventually known as digital versatile disc, was finally agreed during 1996.

The movie companies immediately saw a big CD as a way of stimulating the video market, producing better quality sound and pictures on a disc that costs considerably less to produce than a VHS tape. Using MPEG-2 video compression, the same system that will be used for digital TV, satellite and cable transmissions, it is quite possible to fit a full-length movie onto one side of a DVD disc. The picture quality is as good as live TV and the DVD-Video disc can carry multi-channel digital sound.

For computer users, however, DVD means more than just movies, and whilst DVD-Video grabbed most of the early headlines, it was through the sale of DVD-ROM drives that the format made a bigger immediate impact in the marketplace. In the late-1990s computer-based DVD drives outsold home DVDVideo machines by a ratio of at least 5:1 and, thanks to the enthusiastic backing of the computer industry in general and the CD-ROM drive manufacturers in particular, by early in the new millennium there were more DVD-ROM drives in use than CD-ROM drives.

Initially, the principal application to make use of DVD's greater capacity has been movies. However, the need for more capacity in the computer world is

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obvious to anyone who already has multi-CD games and software packages. With modern-day programs fast outgrowing CD, the prospect of a return to the multiple disc sets which had appeared to gone away for ever when CD-ROM took over from floppy disc was looming ever closer. The unprecedented storage capacity provided by DVD lets application vendors fit multiple CD titles (phone databases, map programs, encyclopaedias) on a single disc, making them more convenient to use. Developers of edutainment and reference titles are also free to use video and audio clips more liberally. And game developers can script interactive games with full-motion video and surround-sound audio with less fear of running out of space.

V.Put all types of questions to the following sentences.

1.As corporations commit more and more mission-critical information to automated systems, electronic storage requirements are increasing dramatically. 2. Imaging, multimedia and other emerging data-intensive applications are major drivers of this growth fuelling the need for better, more cost-effective solutions that deliver higher capacity, increased performance and better data integrity. 3. This has resulted in both a new generation of tape drive technology - such as DLT and the newer 8mm formats such as Mammoth and AIT - and a "robotic" class of tape storage management applications capable of running without operator intervention and with high levels of reliability.

VI. Read and translate the text. Fill in the blanks with suitable Predicates: was entering, had to cost, was charged, was incorporated, released, were tried, had, order to move.

Floppy disk

In 1967, the storage group at IBM's San Jose Laboratories ... ... with developing an inexpensive device to store and ship microcode for mainframe

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processors and control units. The device ... ... ... under $5, be simple to install and replace, had to be easy to ship and needed unquestionable reliability. Existing technologies - such as the magnetic belts used in dictating machines of the time - ... ... , and rejected. The proposed solution was a completely new technology, the floppy disk.

In 1971 the first incarnation of the floppy disk ... ... into IBM's System 370 mainframe computer. It was a read-only, 8in plastic disk coated with iron oxide, weighing just under 2 oz. and capable of storing about 80KB. A crucial part of its design was its protective enclosure, lined with a nonwoven fabric that continuously wiped the surface of the disk as it rotated to keep it clean.

In 1973, IBM ... a new version of the floppy on its 3740 Data Entry System. This ... a completely different recording format, the motor spun in the opposite direction and the device now boasted read/write capacity and a storage capacity of 256KB. It was then that the floppy disk market took off. In 1976 - at just about the time that personal computing ... ... the scene - the 8in form factor was superseded by the 5.25in floppy. That design eventually gave way to the 3.5in diskette, developed by Sony Corp. in 1981.

Floppy drives are notable for the use of open loop tracking: they don't actually look for the tracks, but simply ... the head ... to the "correct" position. Hard disk drives, on the other hand, have servo motors embedded on the disk which the head uses to verify its position, allowing track densities many hundred times higher than is possible on a floppy disk.

VII. Translate the text into English.

Key words: Hard Disk Drive/HDD, Winchester, storage device, turning off, memory (storage) capacity, kilobyte, to join, inseparable, to read out, composition, consonance, symbol, construction, rotation

Text D

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