1 курс стомат
.pdfLanguage Development
1. Look through the text about the oral cavity and answer the following questions.
1.Where is mandible situated?
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2.What parts does the mandible have?
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3.What do we call the symphysis menti?
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4.When do the two halves of the mandible fuse?
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5.What does the mental foramen serve for?
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6.Where are sublingual and submandibular salivary glands lodged?
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7.What part of mandible do we call an alveolar border and why?
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8.What joint provides a wide range of mandibular motion?
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9.What muscles are attached to the mandible?
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2a. Read the text about the mandibular fractures and memorize the new words:
Mandibular fractures
Patients with mandibular fractures can present with many different fracture patterns. When evaluating mandible fractures, it is important to obtain a good history and physical exam. The mechanism of injury can help the clinician anticipate the fracture type.
Motor vehicle accidents are associated with multiple comminuted fractures. A fist often results in a single, nondisplaced fracture. An anterior blow to the chin results in bilateral condylar fractures. An angled blow to the parasymphysis can lead to contralateral condylar or angle fractures. Clenched teeth can lead to alveolar process fractures.
Any history of bone disease, neoplasia, arthritis, temporomandibular joint disease is important. Collagen vascular disease or endocrine disorders, nutritional and metabolic disorders including alcohol abuse can affect patient outcome. A patient with a history of seizure disorder should not be put into maxillomandibular fixation.
The pre-injury occlusion is important to assess. Condylar neck fractures are associated with an open bite on the opposite side of the fracture and deviation of the chin towards the side of the fracture. Bilateral mandible fractures of the body can result in airway distress. The physician may need to pull the jaw forward or tongue forward or put the patient in a lateral decubitus position. A tracheotomy may be necessary.
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Anesthesia of the lower lip is pathognomonic of a fracture distal to the mandibular foramen. Any intraoral or skin lacerations associated with an open fracture can potentially be used to access the fracture for reduction and fixation.
Treatment of mandible fractures includes a tetanus booster as indicated by immunization records. Almost all fractures can be considered open as they usually communicate either with the skin or oral cavity. Correction of pre-existing nutritional deficiencies is important in the healing phase. Although not an emergency, reduction and fixation should be undertaken as expeditiously as possible as this usually helps with pain management and fractures may be easier to reduce.
2b. Put five questions to cover the main contents of the text:
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3. Put the sentences into Passive Voice:
1)We call the halves between the right and the left halves of the mandible the symphysis menti.
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2)We name the anterior process the coronoid one.
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3)The fibrous tissue joins the halves of the mandible.
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4)A row of alveoli occupies the alveolar part.
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5)We see the mental foramen on the outer surface of the mandible.
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Grammar in Use
Неопределенные местоимения
Одушевленные |
Неодушевленные |
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-body |
-one |
-thing |
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somebody |
someone |
something |
anybody |
anyone |
anything |
everybody |
everyone |
everything |
nobody |
no one |
nothing |
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Мы используем неопределенные местоимения, когда называем предметы или людей, не уточняя, кого или что именно мы имеем в виду:
e.g. Everybody enjoyed the lecture.
I opened the ward but there was no one in.
Мы используем глагол в единственном числе после неопределенных местоимений:
e.g. Everybody knows the answer. Everything was ready for the operation.
Мы можем добавить -'s к неопределенному местоимению, чтобы образовать притяжательную форму.
e.g. I’ll take somebody’s stethoscope. I left mine at home.
Мы используем неопределенные местоимения с no- в качестве подлежащего в отрицательных предложениях (а не местоимения с any.)
e.g. Nobody could make this task.
Мы не используем другие отрицания в предложениях с nobody, no one или nothing:
e.g. Nobody came. Nothing happened.
Мы используем else после неопределенных местоимений, чтобы назвать людей или предметы, помимо тех, о которых мы уже упоминали.
e.g. All the students came but no one else. Would you like anything else?
Мы используем неопределенные местоимения somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere
для называния мест.
e.g. I could find my phone nowhere. His students go everywhere with him. The patient had to stay at the ICU as
everywhere else was fully occupied.
N.B. Выбор some/any зависит от типа предложения. Смотри Unit 3 (Essential English for Medical Students. Module 1)
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1. Use the correct indefinite pronoun in the following sentences.
1.There is ___________ in your hair, I think it’s a bug.
2.My speech was perfect. ______________
went as I wished.
3._________ is safe from the flu. You can catch it at any place.
4.He didn’t say ________________ new. I had known all these things before.
5.Are you looking for your workbook? I think it’s
_________________ on the shelf.
6.I will do ____________ for you. You are my best friend.
7.Oh, I’ve found _____________ interesting on the Internet. This is a nice picture of the temporomandibular joint.
8.______________ we did to help the dog was useful. It died.
9.My dictionary was on the desk. ____________
has taken it.
10.I’m sure she will fail at the exam. She did
_______________ yesterday, but just slept all day long.
11.I’m _______________’s fool. I won’t do all the work alone.
12.Nick is very helpful. He helped almost
_________________ in our group.
13.Can _____________ hear me? Is there
_____________ here?
14._______________ at the anatomy department smells bad.
15.Why are all these guys in the library? – They have ____________ else to go.
16.I’d like to go to the gym but _____________
else wants to.
17.You won’t find a better university
____________.
18.Money isn’t __________________.
19.There’s ____________ else we can do to help.
2. Complete the sentences with the verb in the proper form.
1.___________ anyone ___________ (to know)
Kate’s e-mail?
2.No one ____________________ (to use) the laptop now so you may take it.
3.______ (to be) everyone ready for the exam in anatomy?
4.Can you imagine this? Someone ___________
(to do) my homework for me!
5.________ everyone _____________ (to participate) in the Students’ Conference next spring?
6.He is very stubborn. Nothing ever __________
(to change) his mind.
7.Let me know if anything ______________ (to go) wrong.
8.There ________ (to be) something unusual about his condition.
3.Project.
Surf the Internet. Find out how common fractures of the jaws are. Which ones, maxillary or mandibular, occur more often? What is the first aid in case of such fractures?
Prepare the presentation.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick () the statements that are true.
I can talk about the mandible
I can define functions of the mandible
I can describe surfaces and foramina of the mandible
I can use indefinite pronouns
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GRAMMAR REFERRENCE _
Unit 10
Безличные предложения
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Внимание: другие глаголы, которые могут использоваться в безличных предложениях,
включают: to believe (верить, полагать), to assume (предполагать), to suppose
(предполагать), и некоторые другие. Безличные предложения переводятся на русский язык фразами типа: считают (считается), говорят, полагают, и т.д.
Безличные предложения используют:
1. Чтобы сообщить о чем-то, в чем вы не уверены:
They say / It is said / One says (that) soon people will live for 150 years.
2. Чтобы совет, который вы даете, звучал менее категорично:
They think / it is thought / One thinks (that) people should read instructions carefully before taking a medicine.
Unit 11
Инфинитив и его функции Простой инфинитив
Simple Active |
Simple Passive |
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the verb in a dictionary |
to be + 3rd form of the |
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to check |
to be checked |
to consult |
to be consulted |
to give |
to be given |
to take |
to be taken |
to destroy |
to be destroyed |
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1.В некоторых предложениях to пропускают, например, после модальных глаголов:
e.g. You should check the alternatives to
drugs.
2.Чтобы образовать отрицательную форму инфинитива, мы ставим not перед ним:
e.g. I came here not to watch, but to help.Инфинитив с частицей to используется:
1.Чтобы обозначить цель действия (тогда 'to' имеет то же значение, как 'in order to' или 'so as to' (чтобы)):
e.g. Antihistamines are used to treat allergies.
2.В качестве подлежащего:
e.g. To choose the proper drug for each patient is the real challenge for a physician.
3.В качестве дополнения:
e.g. They expected to be given more books on this topic.
4.С существительными или местоимениями, чтобы указать, как они могут быть использованы: e.g. Do you have any nice book to read?
5.После прилагательных в таких конструкциях:
It is + прилагательное + to-инфинитив e.g. It is challenging to work as a surgeon.
It is + прилагательное + for кого-либо + to- инфинитив.
e.g. It is hard for students to do everything they should.
It is + прилагательное + of кого-либо + to- инфинитив.
e.g. It is unkind of the professor to put me a bad mark.
6. После словосочетания «прилагательное + существительное», когда высказывают комментарий:
e.g. This is the right thing to do
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Unit 12
Present Perfect
Утвердительная форма
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Отрицательная форма |
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have |
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vitamins? |
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has |
he / she / |
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Сигнальные слова: before (now) (до настоящего момента), ever (когда-либо), never (before)
(никогда (ранее), up till now (до этих пор), so far (до этих пор), since/for (с (какого-то момента)/в течение (какого-то времени); just (только что), yet (еще), recently (в последнее время), lately
(недавно).
Present Perfect используется для обозначения:
1 Действий в прошлом, которые продолжаются доя настоящего момента:
e.g. Vitamin D has accumulated since birth.2
Действия, которые произошли в неопределенном прошлом:
e.g. Have you taken the pill yet?
Unit 13
Past Perfect
Утвердительная форма
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Сигнальные слова: наречия: already (уже), before (then) (до того момента, never … before (никогда ранее); союзы: after (после того как), when (когда), as soon as (как только), by the time that (к тому времени когда).
Past Perfect используется:
Чтобы указать на предыдущее действие, то есть на более раннее из двух действий:
e.g. When the doctor arrived the patient had died. = First the patient died. Then the doctor arrived.
When the doctor arrived the patient died. = irst the doctor arrived. Then the patient died.
Future Perfect
Утвердительная форма
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Сигнальные слова: by a certain time in the future
(к определенному моменту в будущем), not… till/until something happens in the future (не раньше, чем что-либо произойдет в будущем).
Future Perfect используется:
Чтобы показать, что действие будет уже завершено к определенному моменту в будущем:
e.g. We will have finished this essay by the end of the week.
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Unit 14
Относительные придаточные предложения Относительные придаточные предложения
вводятся такими относительными местоимениями: who, whom, which, that и whose и могут:
1. Относиться к подлежащему, когда относительное придаточное предложение является подлежащим в предложении.
a)Мы используем who или that, когда говорим о людях.
e.g. Robert Hook was the scientist who/that introduced the term “cell”.
b)Мы используем which или that, когда говорим о неодушевленных предметах.
e.g. One of the cell organelles is the mitochondria, which/that provide the energy.
c)мы используем whose, когда говорим о
предметах, принадлежащих людям.
e.g. Dr Gary J. Nabel was the physician hose new methods were used to treat cancer.
2. Относиться к дополнению, когда относительное придаточное предложение является дополнением в предложении.
a)Мы используем who, whom, that или вообще не используем союз, когда говорим о людях.
e.g. He is the professor who/whom/that I respect most. = He is the professor I respect most.
b)Мы используем which, that или вообще не используем союз, когда говорим о предметах.
e.g. Mitochondria provide the energy that/which cells need to function. = Mitochondria provide the energy cells need to function.
c)Мы используем of which, когда говорим об одном предмете, соотносящемся с другим.
e.g. This is his new book the publication of which made him famous.
Unit 17
Неопределенные местоимения
Одушевленные |
Неодушевленные |
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-body |
-one |
-thing |
somebody |
someone |
something |
anybody |
anyone |
anything |
everybody |
everyone |
everything |
nobody |
no one |
nothing |
Мы используем неопределенные местоимения, когда называем предметы или людей, не уточняя, кого или что именно мы имеем в виду:
e.g. Everybody enjoyed the lecture.
I opened the ward but there was no one in.
Мы используем глагол в единственном числе после неопределенных местоимений:
e.g. Everybody knows the answer.
Unit 15
Слова-заместители
one, ones, that, those, there, do
Если возможно, мы избегаем повторения слова или фразы, которые были использованы ранее. Одним из способов избежать подобного повторения является применение слов-
заместителей that, one, do, и there.
Слово- |
Замещаемое |
Пример |
заместитель |
слово |
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one/ones |
человек / |
See those two |
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girls? Helen is the |
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the tall one. |
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Let’s fill in the |
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case histories. |
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The ones the |
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lecturer has given |
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that/those |
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Skeletal muscles |
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do (do it, do |
действие |
Can you help me |
so) |
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При использовании one/ones и that/those, мы выбираем one/ones при использовании с прилагательными или самостоятельно, и that/those с предложными сочетаниями. (См. примеры выше.) We often use one and ones after Which ... in questions:
e.g. You can borrow a book. Which one do you
want?
There are lots of books here. Which ones are yours?Мы используем do so и do it / that в качестве заместителей глагольных сочетаний.
e.g. I asked her to take part in the preparation for the concert but she didn’t want to do so.
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Unit 16
Present Perfect Passive
Утвердительная форма
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Мы используем времена группы Perfect Passive аналогично временам группы Perfect Active.
Everything was ready for the operation.
Мы можем добавить -'s к неопределенному местоимению, чтобы образовать притяжательную форму.
e.g. I’ll take somebody’s stethoscope. I left mine at home.
Мы используем неопределенные местоимения с no- в качестве подлежащего в отрицательных предложениях (а не местоимения с any.)
e.g. Nobody could make this task.
Мы не используем другие отрицания в предложениях с nobody, no one или nothing:
e.g. Nobody came. Nothing happened.
Мы используем else после неопределенных местоимений, чтобы назвать людей или предметы, помимо тех, о которых мы уже упоминали.
e.g. All the students came but no one else. Would you like anything else?
Мы используем неопределенные местоимения somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere для называния мест.
e.g. I could find my phone nowhere. His students go everywhere with him. The patient had to stay at the ICU as
everywhere else was fully occupied.
N.B. Выбор some/any зависит от типа предложения. Смотри Unit 3 (Essential English for Medical Students. Module 1)
Образование вопросительных форм
Чтобы поставить общий вопрос, первый вспомогательный глагол ставится в нчало предложения.
Эти вспомогательные глаголы таковы:
am, is, are, was, were;
have, has, had (≠ possess and ≠ must);
can, could, may, might, must;
will, would, shall, should.
Если таких вспомогательных глаголов нет, do, does или did ставится в начало предложения.
N.B. Не забудьте менять местоимения, так же, как мы делаем это в русском языке!
e.g. My friend is surfing the Internet now. – Is your friend surfing the Internet now?
Чтобы поставить специальный вопрос к любой части предложения, кроме подлежащего, мы выполняем те же действия, но также ставим вопросительное слово перед вспомогательным глаголом.
e.g. I have had this car for 5 years. – Have you had this car for 5 years? – How long have you had it?
Чтобы поставить вопрос к подлежащему, мы меняем подлежащее (или его группу) на одно из этих вопросительных слов: who, what, which. Глагол в таком случае всегда стоит в третьем лице единственного числа.
e.g. I have had this car for 5 years. – Who has had this car for 5 years?
57
APPENDICES_
Таблица наиболее употребительных неправильных глаголов английского языка
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
№ |
|
Перевод |
|
I форма |
|
II форма |
|
III форма |
|
||||||||
|
|
Infinitive |
|
Past Simple Active |
|
Past Participle |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
быть; находиться |
|
be |
|
was |
|
been |
|
|
|
were |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
носить; рождать (born) |
|
bear |
|
bore |
|
borne |
|
|
|
|
born |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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3 |
|
становиться, делаться |
|
become |
|
became |
|
become |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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4 |
|
начинать(ся); приступать (к) |
|
begin |
|
began |
|
begun |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
гнуть(ся), сгибать(ся) |
|
bend |
|
bent |
|
bent |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
|
держать пари, спорить |
|
bet |
|
bet |
|
bet |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
|
кусать(ся) |
|
bite |
|
bit |
|
bitten |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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8 |
|
дуть, раздувать |
|
blow |
|
blew |
|
blown |
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|
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|
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9 |
|
ломать(ся) |
|
break |
|
broke |
|
broken |
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|
|
|
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10 |
|
приносить, привозить |
|
bring |
|
brought |
|
brought |
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|
|
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|
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|
|
11 |
|
строить |
|
build |
|
built |
|
built |
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|
|
|
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12 |
|
жечь, обжигать; гореть |
|
burn |
|
burnt |
|
burnt |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
|
покупать |
|
buy |
|
bought |
|
bought |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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14 |
|
ловить, поймать; схватить |
|
catch |
|
caught |
|
caught |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
|
выбирать; избирать |
|
choose |
|
chose |
|
chosen |
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
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16 |
|
приходить, приезжать |
|
come |
|
came |
|
come |
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
|
стоить |
|
cost |
|
cost |
|
cost |
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|
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|
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|
|
|
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18 |
|
резать; снижать |
|
cut |
|
cut |
|
cut |
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|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
|
рыть(ся), копать(ся) |
|
dig |
|
dug |
|
dug |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
|
делать; вспом. глагол и др. |
|
do |
|
did |
|
done |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
|
тянуть; рисовать, чертить |
|
draw |
|
drew |
|
drawn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
22 |
|
мечтать; видеть во сне |
|
dream |
|
dreamt |
|
dreamt |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23 |
|
пить |
|
drink |
|
drank |
|
drunk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
24 |
|
везти; вести (машину) |
|
drive |
|
drove |
|
driven |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25 |
|
есть, питаться |
|
eat |
|
ate |
|
eaten |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26 |
|
падать |
|
fall |
|
fell |
|
fallen |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27 |
|
кормить(ся) |
|
feed |
|
fed |
|
fed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 |
|
чувствовать; ощущать |
|
feel |
|
felt |
|
felt |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 |
|
бороться |
|
fight |
|
fought |
|
fought |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
58
30 |
находить, обнаруживать |
find |
|
|
found |
|
|
found |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31 |
лететь |
fly |
|
|
flew |
|
|
flown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32 |
забывать, не помнить |
forget |
|
|
forgot |
|
|
forgotten [ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
33 |
прощать |
forgive |
|
|
forgave |
|
|
forgiven |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
34 |
замерзать; замораживать |
freeze [ |
] |
froze [ |
|
] |
frozen [ |
|
] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
35 |
получать; приобретать; понимать |
get |
|
|
got |
|
|
got |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
давать, передавать |
give |
|
|
gave |
|
|
given |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
37 |
идти; ехать; уходить, уезжать |
go |
|
|
went |
|
|
gone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
38 |
расти; увеличиваться |
grow |
|
|
grew |
|
|
grown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
39 |
1) висеть, вешать; |
hang [ |
|
] |
1) hung [ |
|
] |
1) hung [ |
|
] |
2) вешать (казнить) |
|
2) hanged [ |
] |
2) hanged [ |
] |
|||||
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|
|||||||
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
40 |
иметь; быть должным |
have |
|
|
had |
|
|
had |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41 |
слышать; слушать |
hear |
|
|
heard |
|
|
heard |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
42 |
прятать(ся); скрывать(ся) |
hide |
|
|
hid |
|
|
hidden |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
43 |
держать; владеть; вмещать |
hold |
|
|
held |
|
|
held |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
44 |
ушибить, причинять боль |
hurt |
|
|
hurt |
|
|
hurt |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
45 |
содержать, хранить |
keep |
|
|
kept |
|
|
kept |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
46 |
знать |
know |
|
|
knew |
|
|
known |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
47 |
класть, положить |
lay [ |
] |
|
laid [ |
] |
|
laid [ |
] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
48 |
вести, руководить |
lead |
|
|
led |
|
|
led |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49 |
учить(ся), изучать; узнавать |
learn |
|
|
learnt |
|
|
learnt |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50 |
покидать, оставлять |
leave |
|
|
left |
|
|
left |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51 |
позволять, разрешать |
let |
|
|
let |
|
|
let |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52 |
1) лежать |
lie |
|
|
1) lay |
|
|
1) lain |
|
|
2) лгать (прав. глагол) |
|
|
2) lied |
|
|
2) lied |
|
|
||
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
53 |
зажигать(ся), освещать(ся) |
light |
|
|
lit |
|
|
lit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
54 |
терять; проигрывать |
lose |
|
|
lost |
|
|
lost |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55 |
делать, производить |
make |
|
|
made |
|
|
made |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56 |
значить |
mean |
|
|
meant |
|
|
meant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
57 |
встречать(ся); знакомиться |
meet |
|
|
met |
|
|
met |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
58 |
платить |
pay [ |
] |
|
paid [ |
] |
|
paid [ |
] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
59 |
класть, положить |
put |
|
|
put |
|
|
put |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
60 |
читать |
read |
|
|
read |
|
|
read |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
61 |
звонить |
ring |
|
|
rang |
|
|
rung |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
62 |
подниматься; возрастать |
rise |
|
|
rose |
|
|
risen |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
63 |
бежать; двигаться |
run |
|
|
ran |
|
|
run |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 |
говорить, сказать |
say |
|
|
said |
|
|
said |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
59
65 |
видеть; понимать |
see |
|
saw |
|
seen |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
66 |
искать, разыскивать |
seek [ |
] |
sought [ |
] |
sought [ |
] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
67 |
продавать(ся) |
sell |
|
sold |
|
sold |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
68 |
посылать, отправлять |
send |
|
sent |
|
sent |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
69 |
помещать, ставить |
set |
|
set |
|
set |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
70 |
трясти(сь); качать |
shake |
|
shook |
|
shaken |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
71 |
стрелять; поражать |
shoot |
|
shot |
|
shot |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
72 |
показывать |
show [ |
] |
showed [ |
] |
shown [ |
] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
73 |
закрывать(ся); перекрывать |
shut |
|
shut |
|
shut |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
74 |
петь |
sing |
|
sang |
|
sung |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
75 |
тонуть; погружать(ся) |
sink |
|
sank |
|
sunk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
76 |
сидеть; заседать |
sit |
|
sat |
|
sat |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
77 |
спать |
sleep |
|
slept |
|
slept |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
78 |
говорить, разговаривать |
speak |
|
spoke |
|
spoken |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79 |
тратить, расходовать |
spend |
|
spent |
|
spent |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
80 |
распространять (ся) |
spread |
|
spread |
|
spread |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
81 |
стоять; ставить |
stand |
|
stood |
|
stood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
82 |
красть, воровать |
steal |
|
stole |
|
stolen |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
83 |
1) ударять(ся); 2) бастовать |
strike |
|
struck |
|
struck |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
84 |
клясться; ругать(ся) |
swear [ |
] |
swore [ |
] |
sworn [ |
] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
85 |
плыть, плавать |
swim |
|
swam |
|
swum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
86 |
брать; принимать |
take |
|
took |
|
taken |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
87 |
учить, преподавать |
teach |
|
taught |
|
taught |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
88 |
рвать(ся) |
tear [ |
] |
tore [ ] |
|
torn [ |
] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
89 |
говорить; рассказывать |
tell |
|
told |
|
told |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90 |
думать; полагать |
think |
|
thought |
|
thought |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
91 |
бросать, кидать |
throw |
|
threw |
|
thrown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
92 |
понимать, постигать |
understand |
understood |
|
understood |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
93 |
носить (одежду) |
wear |
|
wore |
|
worn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
94 |
выиграть, победить |
win |
|
won |
|
won |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
95 |
писать |
write |
|
wrote |
|
written |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
60