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Brand Management

“Without question, branding is a complex management area that deserves study from a variety of different perspectives and academic traditions. By providing a multi-disciplinary approach, this textbook provides a welcome and invaluable resource for thoughtful students, scholars, and practitioners who want to fully understand branding and brand management.”

Kevin Lane Keller, Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth

“At last a book that cuts through the clutter about understanding brand and so clearly clarifies the brand concept. A book that superbly bridges the academic domain and enables practitioners use it to build brand equity.”

Leslie de Chernatony, Birmingham University Business School

“We think this is an excellent treatment of our topic. Thorough and complete, yet concise and very readable. We love the design and structure, both with regards to the seven approaches, as well as to the four layers within each approach.”

Albert M. Muniz, Jr., DePaul University and Thomas C. O’Guinn, University of Wisconsin

For over two decades it has been argued that the brand is an important value creator and should therefore be a top management priority. However, the definition of what a brand is remains elusive.

This comprehensive book presents the reader with an exhaustive analysis of the scientific and paradigmatic approaches to the nature of brand as it has developed over the last twenty years. Taking a multidisciplinary approach and offering an exhaustive analysis of brand research literature, it delivers a thorough understanding of the managerial implications of these different approaches to the management of the brand.

Brand Management: Research, theory and practice fills a gap in the market, providing an understanding of how the nature of brand and the idea of the consumer differ in these approaches, and offers in-depth insight into the opening question of almost every brand management course: ‘What is a brand?’

Tilde Heding and Charlotte F. Knudtzen both lecture in strategic brand management at Copenhagen Business School. Tilde and Charlotte have published widely, while also running their own brand management consultancy, Heding & Knudtzen. Mogens Bjerre is associate professor of Marketing at Copenhagen Business School. He has published extensively in the fields of franchising, key accounts management, strategic relationship marketing and retailing.

Brand Management

Research, theory and practice

Tilde Heding, Charlotte F. Knudtzen

and Mogens Bjerre

First published 2009 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge

270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”

© 2009 Tilde Heding, Charlotte F. Knudtzen and Mogens Bjerre

Typeset in Times New Roman by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books, Bodmin

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heding, Tilde.

Brand management : research, theory and practice / Tilde Heding, Charlotte F. Knudtzen and Mogens Bjerre.

p. cm.

ISBN 978–0–415–44326–5 (hbk.) – ISBN 978–0–415–44327–2 (pbk.) – ISBN 978–0–203–99617–1 (ebook) 1. Brand name products–Management. 2. Branding (Marketing) I. Knudtzen, Charlotte F. II. Bjerre, Mogens, 1959III. Title.

HD69.B7H43 2008 658.8 27–dc22 2008021896

ISBN 0-203-99617-8 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN10: 0–415–44326–1 (hbk)

ISBN10: 0–415–44327-X (pbk)

ISBN10: 0–203–99617–8 (ebk)

ISBN13: 978–0–415–44326–5 (hbk)

ISBN13: 978–0–415–44327–2 (pbk)

ISBN13: 978–0–203–99617–1 (ebk)

Contents

 

List of illustrations

vii

 

List of tables

x

 

List of boxes

xi

 

Foreword Leslie de Chernatony

xiii

 

Preface

xv

 

Acknowledgements

xvii

PART I

 

Setting the scene

1

1

Introduction

3

2

Key words in brand management

9

3

Overview: brand management 1985–2006

20

PART II

 

Seven brand approaches

27

4

The economic approach

29

5

The identity approach

47

6

The consumer-based approach

83

7

The personality approach

116

8

The relational approach

151

9

The community approach

181

10

The cultural approach

207

vi Contents

PART III

 

Taxonomy

243

11 Taxonomy of brand management 1985–2006

245

Index

260

List of illustrations

1.1

The logic of the approach chapters

5

1.2

A readers’ guide

6

4.1

The brand–consumer exchange of the economic approach

31

4.2

Assumptions of the economic approach

34

4.3

Supporting themes of the economic approach

35

4.4

Core theme and supporting themes of the economic approach

39

4.5

Theoretical building blocks of the economic approach

40

4.6

Relation between price and demand

42

4.7

Methods and data of the economic approach

43

5.1

Sources of brand identity

50

5.2

Assumptions of the identity approach

55

5.3

Supporting themes of the identity approach

56

5.4Brand identity: the core theme and alignment frameworks

 

of the identity approach

60

5.5

Alignment of the strategic stars of brand identity

62

5.6

Theory of the identity approach

64

5.7

Manifestations of organizational identity (culture)

67

5.8

Methods and data of the identity approach

70

5.9

Drivers of the alignment process of brand identity

71

5.10

Managerial implications of the identity approach

77

6.1

The brand resides in the mind of the consumer

85

6.2The computer is the central metaphor of man in cognitive

 

psychology

86

6.3

Assumptions of the consumer-based approach

87

6.4Supporting themes and the core themes of the consumer-based

approach

88

6.5Simple associative network spreading from the node

 

Volkswagen

89

6.6

The three forms of cognition applied to brands

90

6.7

Dimensions of brand knowledge

93

6.8

Associations spreading from the node ‘Seven up’

96

6.9‘Seven up’ brand associations adapted to the customer-based

brand equity framework

97

viii

List of illustrations

 

6.10

Theory of the consumer-based approach

98

6.11

Methods and data of the consumer-based approach

103

6.12Dualistic mechanisms of the consumer-based approach

 

influencing the managerial implications

104

6.13

Managerial implications of the consumer-based approach

109

7.1

Brand personality construct

119

7.2

Assumptions of the personality approach

121

7.3

Supporting themes of the personality approach

122

7.4

Brand behaviour

123

7.5

Consumer self construct

125

7.6The brand–self exchange of symbolic brand value in the

 

market place

128

7.7

Core theme of the personality approach: brand personality

129

7.8

Dimensions of brand personality

130

7.9

Theory of the personality approach

133

7.10

Methods and data of the personality approach

138

7.11

Brand personality dimensions, traits and brand behaviour

142

7.12

Brand–self congruence of Chanel No. 5

144

7.13

Managerial implications of the personality approach

147

8.1

‘Dyadic’ brand–consumer relationship

154

8.2

Assumptions of the relational approach

156

8.3

Supporting themes and core theme of the relational approach

157

8.4Preliminary model of brand relationship quality and its effects

 

on relationship stability

163

8.5

Theoretical building blocks of the relational approach

165

8.6

Methods and data of the relational approach

170

8.7

Managerial implications of the relational approach

176

9.1

The ‘brand triad’

183

9.2

Assumptions of the community approach

185

9.3

Supporting themes of brand community

186

9.4Conceptualization of the community in the sociological

 

tradition

187

9.5

Brand community construct

188

9.6

Theoretical building blocks of the community approach

191

9.7

Methods and data of the community approach

196

9.8

The marketer as observer of a brand community

198

9.9

The marketer as facilitator of a brand community

201

9.10

Managerial implications of the community approach

203

10.1

Scope of the cultural approach

210

10.2

Assumptions of the cultural approach

213

10.3The core theme, its supporting theme, the societal comment

 

on brand icons and the future brand scenario

214

10.4

The movement of meaning

215

10.5

Iconic brands are brands that have become cultural icons

217

10.6

Theoretical building blocks of the cultural approach

224

 

List of illustrations

ix

10.7

Research methods of the cultural approach

227

10.8

Methods and data of the cultural approach

228

10.9

The cultural brand management process

229

10.10

Managerial implications of the cultural approach

235

11.1

Taxonomy of brand management 1985–2006

246

11.2

Two dimensions and four brand management paradigms

252

11.3

The logic of the approach chapters

257

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