lexicology / 30-31

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Langlauf- cross-country running or racing on skis

schadenfreude - enjoyment attained from the troubles of others, wisenheimer - obnoxiously self-assertive person wanderlust - a very strong or irresistible impulse to travel wunderkind a prodigy child

g) Italian borrowings

Cultural and commercial relations between England and Italy in the

epoch of the Renaissance, especially in the 16 century, brought in many Italian words. The English travelled frequently to Italy, observed Italian life and culture and brought back not only Italian manners and styles of dress, but Italian words.

e.g. balcony, bust, cornice, colonnade, niche, cameo, granite, stanza, stucco, studio, volcano

In the 11^ century many Italians words pertaining to fashion and high way style were borrowed by English, many of them through French.

e.g. balloon, gazette, intrigue

Some geological terms are of Italian origin.

e.g. bronza, granite, lava, volcano

Political and diplomatic terms.

e.g. bulletin, manifesto

In the 18* century Italian music was introduced into England and with this came many musical terms. Here we find names of various musical instruments.

e.g. basso, cello (violoncello), contrabass, harmonica, harpsichord, mandolin/mandoline, oboe, trombone, timpani, tuba, trombone, violin

Here we also find names for different voices.

e.g. baritone, basso, basso profundo, contralto, falsetto, mezzo-soprano,

The names of various musical pieces, e.g. oratorio, recitative, rondo, pastorale, sonata, toccata. Among Italian borrowings there are many art terms which have acquired international currency.

e.g. arch, caricature, colonnade, palette, portico, studio

As for business terms some of them were also borrowed from Italian.

e.g. bank, bankrupt, lombard, traffic

Many Italian military words have been borrowed through French.

e.g. battalion, brigade, cartridge, cavalry, infantry, pistol

There are some words of everyday use which arc also of Italian origin.

e.g. soda, umbrella

In the 19^th century in English came some words which reflected the political struggle in Italy.

e.g. carbonari, comorra

Most of Italian borrowings are not assimilated in English and keep their Italian form and meaning.

e.g. casino, doge, condotiere, piazza

this is especially true about words referring to music. Many of them have preserved the original plural form of the noun.

e.g. divertimento - divertimenti/divertimentos, intermezzo - intermezzi/intermezzos, libretto - libretti/librettos, maestro - maestri/maestros

There are numerous barbarisms mostly referring to directions in musical performance.

e.g. da capo (from the beginning), mezza voce (with medium or half volume), mezzo forte (moderately loud), mezzo piano (moderately soft), non tropo (in moderation), presto (at a rapid tempo)

We find non-assimilated Italian loans in every day use.

e.g. salto mortale (a deadly jump)

dolce stil nuovo (sweet new style)

tutti-frutti (a confection or ice-cream containing candied fruits)

Eppur si muove. (And yet it does move, attributed to Gallileo)

h) Borrowings from Other languages

The English vocabulary borrowed words from almost all the languages of the word.

Spanish: embargo, bravado, hammock, hurricane

Portuguese: banana, verandah, cobra, auto-da-f

Dutch: reef, deck, skipper, yacht

Arabic: algebra, albatross, elixir

Indian: bungalow, jungle, shampoo

Chinese: tea, bonze, kaolin

Japanese: geisha, kimono, mikado, samurai, bushido

3.7. Etymological Doublets

Etymological doublets are two or more words of the same language which were derived from the same basic word. They differ in form, meaning and current usage.

Thus, the Latin word 'discus* was borrowed in the Old English period to form the Modern English word 'dish'. It was thoroughly assimilated