Impersonality of style is obtained by using the third person deixis, impersonal constructions, passive verb forms.

Clear structure is incidental to all genres of bureaucratic texts. Every genre has a special type of beginning [e.g., This is to certify that...- Данн(ая справка) выдан(а) ... в том, что ...- in certificates], ending [Faithfully yours - С уважением - in letters]. The structure of the document is also predetermined by its genre. For instance, contracts, as a rule, include the following parts:

• Subject matter of the contract — Предмет контракта

• Terms of payment - Условия платежа

• Liabilities - Ответственность сторон

• Packing, marking, shipment - Упаковка, маркировка и отгрузка

• Force majeure - Форс-мажорные обст-тва (Обст-ва непреодолим, силы)

• Arbitration - Арбитраж

• Legal address - Юридические адреса сторон

Large documents are divided into sections, subsections, chapters, paragraphs, articles, clauses, items, points. These terms, but for the last three, have regular Russian equivalents-разделы, подразделы, главы, параграфы, статьи.

Translating journalistic (publicistic) style

The term 'publicistic style' is a coinage of Russian linguists. Foreign researchers speak of different variations, like 'journalistic language', 'news media language', 'newspaper language', 'broadcasting language', etc.

This style incorporates such substyles (sometimes called styles) as newspaper, journalistic, oratorical, and propagandist substyles. Each substyle has particular genres. The newspaper substyle includes editorials, news stories, chronicles, reports, summaries (e.g., weather broadcasts, sports results, etc.). The journalistic substyle is made up of commentaries. comic strips, analytical articles, pamphlets, reviews, essays and the like. The oratorical substyle comprises speeches, sermons, and orations. And the propagandist substyle implies slogans, proclamations, appeals, promotions, commercials - the last genre, though, is now referred to as a new style of advertising. The main distinctive features of the publicistic style are standardization and expressiveness.

Expressiveness can be detected in lexical characteristics of newspapers, magazines and broadcasting, and also in headlines.

English mass media have many connotative colloquial words and phrases, even slang: eyesore, blackleg, new words (drunk-driving, think-tank), abbreviations (champ for 'champion', E. Germans for 'East Germans'/ Metaphorical and metonymical associations are not infrequent [Russia's perestroika has turned missiles into sausages. (The Daily Telegraph)], especially those connected with sports. Epithets sometimes accompany nouns (strenuous political activity, aggressive grain exporters, the crystal- clear waters).

English and American journalists take liberties with well-known public figures, calling them by nicknames (Old Fox, the nickname of Gorby, Gorbachev, Rocky, Rockfeller, Eisenhauerj, shortened names (Bill Clinton, Jimmy Carter; FDR - Franklin Delano Roosevelt, JFK — Jack Kennedy - John Fitzgerald Kennedy).

Many headlines are expressive due to alliteration: Buck Bush, Man Behind. Malta's Seasick Summit. When the War of Stones Becomes the War of Guns. Alliteration is not inherent in Russian headlines, so there is no need to perform it in translation.

On the other hand, the expressiveness of Russian headlines is often achieved by puns and allusions: Слонята учатся летать. Весна - время рубить деревья?

A formulaic character of newspaper language is also seen in the vocabulary, syntactic structures, and headlines.

It is typical of an English newspaper to have more verbs, and of Russian newspaper, more nouns to express actions: Одна из крупнейших южнокорейских корпораций - Halla Business Group - приняла решение отказаться от участия в строительстве Владивостокского индустриального порта. (Владивосток) The article with this sentence was shortened in translation for Vladivostok News, with the

corresponding sentence reading: An industrial port ...received a serious blow recently

*

when a major investor decided to pull out.

Nominal sentences are also typical of Russian headlines, whereas English journalists prefer verbal headlines:²⁶³ U.S. Sales of Vehicles Built in North America Slide 24%. (The Wall Street Journal) - Падение на 24% объема продаж американских автомобилей.

A distinctive feature of Russian newspaper is the abundance of informatively 'empty' words, like в частности, дело, со стороны, etc. In the English text, whole numbers below 10 are spelled out, figures are used for 10 and above. In the Russian text we may find a figure in any case: в 5 км от берега - five kilometers offshore. In headlines, however, numerals are not spelled-out: 3 Die in Ambulance Crash.

One special problem is translating English headlines.

A headline summarizes and draws attention to the story. It is often elliptical: auxiliary verbs, articles and even the sentence subject may be reduced. Headlines are normally translated only after reading the whole article, so that the translator is able to restore the subject: Fury at City Bus Cowboys. Hence the translation: Жители Манчестера возмущены работой городских автобусов, or Возмущение жителей Манчестера работой городских автобусов.

"Catch words" are used in the English text as if they were small titles of paragraphs. But in fact their usage is purely psychological, 'catchy'