- •3.1 Theory
- •3.2. Examination material for assessment of practical skills of communication (listening, speaking, reading and writing activities). Card № 1
- •Card№ 2
- •It was just a holiday, but it changed my life
- •People and their appearances
- •Private Eyes Italian Style
- •Couch potatoes.
- •Kazakh cuisine
- •Card №10
- •Money has no smell
- •Card №11
- •Card№ 12
- •Card №13
- •Card№14
- •Card№15
- •Card№16
- •Armed and dangerous.
- •Card №17
- •Card№18
- •Card№19
- •Card№20
- •World of Jobs
- •Card№21
- •Card№22
- •Fact or myth?
- •Card№23
- •Travelling
- •Card№24
- •Card№25
- •Card№26
- •Card№ 27
- •Card№ 28
- •Card №29
- •Stonehenge
- •Card №30
- •Abai (Ibrahim) Kunanbayev
- •Texts for Listening
- •Voice-over 2 The facial
- •Voice-over 3 The foot treatment
- •Voice over Week one.
- •Voice over Week two.
- •Voice over Week three.
- •Voice over Week four.
- •Texts for reading Text 1 Kazakh cuisine
- •Text 3 Fact or myth?
- •Text 5 Money has no smell
- •The dollar
- •The pound
- •Text 7 Travelling
- •Text 9 People and their appearances
- •Text 10
- •Text 11 Education
- •Text 12 Change your house to change your life!
- •Text 13
- •Text 14
- •Text 15
- •Text 16
- •Text 18
- •Text 19
- •Text 20
- •Text 21 Wedding Information
- •What are the Earth's oldest living things?
- •What man-made things on Earth can be seen from space?
- •Why isn't there a row 13 on aeroplanes?
- •Text 23
- •Text 24
- •Text 25 Stonehenge
- •Text 26
- •Text 27
- •Text 28
- •Text 29
- •Text 30 Abai (Ibrahim) Kunanbayev
- •Collection of learners individual work (liw)
- •And Office hours
- •MAtErials
- •Text 1.Solar Light by Night
- •Text 2.Importance of transportation
- •Text 3.Сomputers Concern You
- •Text 4.AutoCad
- •Text 5.Judging by appearances
- •Text 6. Detection
- •Text 7a Mystery
- •Text 8Great Jobs for Detail-Oriented People
- •Text 10The origin of fairy tales.
- •Text 11Radio transmitter design
- •Variable frequency systems
- •Text 12. The Telephones
- •Text 14 Manufacturing of plastics
- •Text 15 Measurements
- •Poems Poem 1
- •Poem 4
- •Poem 9
- •Poem 10
- •Poem 11
- •Poem 12
- •Poem 13
- •Poem 14
- •Poem 15
- •Poem 16
- •Poem 17
- •Poem 18
- •Poem 19
- •Poem 20
- •Kazakh customs and traditions
- •Samples of congratulations and condolence
- •English idioms
- •16.According to (someone or something)
- •Phrasal verbs
- •Business memo
- •Visit card
- •Invitation
- •Explanation memo
Variable frequency systems
An array of crystals – used to enable a transmitter to be used on several different frequencies; rather than being a truly variable frequency system, it is a system which is fixed to several different frequencies (a subset of the above).
Variable-frequencyoscillator(VFO)
Phase-lockedloopfrequencysynthesiser
Directdigitalsynthesis
Text 12. The Telephones
The telephones are connected in series with the detector.
A brief explanation of how the telephone works. Is here necessary. The sensation of sound is excited in the ear by the motion imparted to the air by vibrating bodies. If a flat steel spring be fixed in a vertical position in a vice, and the free end of it be displaced, on releasing it a vibratory motion will follow. The free end will pass backwards and forwards along a gradually decreasing arc. During its first movement to the right, it compresses the air on its right- hand side, and causes a state of rarefaction on its left-hand side. A revers movement has exactly the opposite effect. As long as the spring continues to vibrate, waves of rarefaction and compression are propagated, the frequency of these waves or the number of complete vibrations per second determining whether they are audible or not. It the frequency be anything between 30 and 20,000 per second, audible sounds are produced. The telephone is an instrument capable of producing waves in the air of such a frequency . A disc of thin soft iron, varnished to prevent rusting, takes the palace of the spring just described, and it is set in vibration by fluctuations in the intensity of a magnetic field. Fig. I shows an electro – magnet with its two poles in close proximity to a disc of soft iron D, which is firmly clamped in position by its edges. The core of the magnet is permanently magnetized and exercises a force of attraction on the disc. If a current be passed through the coils wound round its pole pieces, this force of attraction is increased or decreased according to the direction of the current. It the force be increased, the centreofthe disc is pulled towards the magnet : and if the force be decreased, it is released to some extend . If, then, rapid alternations of current, or intermittent unidirectional currents, be passed through the windings, the disc or “ diaphragm ”, as it is called, is caused to vibrate ; and if the frequency of the vibrations be within the limits stated above, they will produce the sensation of sound in the ear.
On account of its shape the telephone receiver used in a wireless installation is called a “watch” receiver.
Two complete watch receivers are connected in series at the ends of a steel or aluminium strip spring, to form the telephone head-gear . As the space available is very small, the wire used in the coils of the electro-magnets must of necessity by very thin, in order to obtain the necessary ampere-turns required for the high degree of sensitiveness of the telephone. In low resistance telephones the wire is insulated with silk, but where a much greater number of turns is required, as in the case of telephones of from two to eight thousand ohms resistance used with a valve or crystal receiver , the wire insulation usually consists of a coating of enamel, as space is thus economized. In the high resistance telephone a pair of protective spark points is often included, as a guard for the coil windings against excess voltage due either to direct application , inductive kick on suddenly breaking circuit, or high –frequency surge – all tending to damage the insulation. Again, where enamelled wire is used , the interior of case is filled with paraffin wax, further to ensure good insulation and prevent moisture from reaching the windings.
Text 13.Mechanical properties of materials
Materials Science and Technology is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated to meet the needs of modern technology. Using the laboratory techniques and knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.
Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces, such as tension, compression, torsion, bending, and shear. All materials respond to these forces by elastic deformation. That is, the materials return their original size and form when the external force disappears. The materials may also have permanent deformation or they may fracture. The results of external forces are creep and fatigue.
Compression is a pressure causing a decrease in volume. When a material is subjected to a bending, shearing, or torsion (twisting) force, both tensile and compressive forces are simultaneously at work. When a metal bar is bent, one side of it is stretched and subjected to a tensional force, and the other side is compressed.
Tension is a pulling force; for example, the force in a cable holding a weight. Under tension, a material usually stretches, returning to its original length if the force does not exceed the material's elastic limit. Under larger tensions, the material does not return completely to its original condition, and under greater forces the material ruptures.
Fatigue is the growth of cracks under stress. It occurs when a mechanical part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress, such as vibration. Even when the maximum stress never exceeds the elastic limit, failure of the material can occur even after a short time. No deformation is seen during fatigue, but small localized cracks develop and propagate through the material until the remaining cross-sectional area cannot support the maximum stress of the cyclic force. Knowledge of tensile stress, elastic limits, and the resistance of materials to creep and fatigue are of basic importance in engineering.
Creep is a slow, permanent deformation that results from a steady force acting on a material. Materials at high temperatures usually suffer from this deformation. The gradual loosening of bolts and the deformation of components of machines and engines are all the examples of creep. In many cases the slow deformation stops because deformation eliminates the force causing the creep. Creep extended over a long time finally leads to the rupture of the material.