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G R A M M A R 3 3 P R O N O U N S

2Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.

a)John patted my back, gave

John

gave

me

a

pat

on

the back.

b) Don't hold a rabbit's ears and pick it up.

 

 

 

by

 

 

 

 

 

 

Don't

 

 

 

 

 

the ears.

c)I'll never be able to look at Tanya's face again. in

 

I'll never be able to look

again.

d) Sue grabbed the thief's arm.

 

 

by

 

 

Sue

arm.

e)

Helen took the baby's hand.

 

 

by

 

 

Helen

hand.

f)

The bee stung my arm.

 

 

me

 

 

The bee

arm.

g)

Somebody gave me a black eye.

 

 

punched

 

 

Somebody

eye.

h) Jane patted the dog's head.

 

 

on

 

 

Jane

head.

i)

'It's my arm! I'm hit!' said Billy the Kid.

 

 

wounded

 

 

'I'm

,' said Billy the Kid.

j)

I felt someone pat my shoulder.

 

 

me

 

 

I felt someone

shoulder.

193

FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

3 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first.

a)

The local cinema has a good film on at the moment.

 

There is

a good film on at the local cinema at the moment.

b)

I can't drink coffee so late at night.

 

It's

so late at night.

c)

Don't worry if you can't answer all the questions.

 

It doesn't

all the questions.

d)

The fridge is empty.

 

There

fridge.

e)

This journey has been tiring.

 

It

journey.

f)

The station

is far away.

 

It

station.

g)

Let's have a break now.

 

It's

for a break now.

h)

I enjoyed seeing you.

 

It

you.

4 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning.

a) Was it enjoyable at the beach, Joe?

Did you enjoy yourself at the beach, Joe?.

b)We really need a new fridge. What

c)There's a lot of fog today. It's

d)People who believe in ghosts are a bit crazy! Anyone

e)Just call me any time you need me. Whenever

f)I was very interested in what we talked about. It was interesting

g)John is hurt. John has

h)Why did you do that?

Whatever

194

G R A M M A R 3 3 P R O N O U N S

5 Complete each sentence with the most suitable word or phrase.

 

 

a)

I like this painting but I don't think much of those

C.

 

 

 

A) rest

B) other C) ones

D) besides

 

 

 

 

 

b)

What would

 

 

 

 

like to do this morning?

 

 

 

 

A) someone

 

B) one

 

C) yourself D) you

 

 

 

 

c)

Did you enjoy

 

 

 

 

?

 

 

 

 

 

 

A) at the party

B) the party

C) yourself the party

 

 

 

 

D) with yourself at the party

 

 

 

 

 

 

d)

 

 

 

nothing much to do in this town.

 

 

 

 

A) There's

B) It's not

C) There's not

D) It's

 

 

 

e)

 

 

 

you do, don't tell Harry that we've lost his camera.

 

 

 

A) Anything

 

B) What

C) Whatever

D) It's better

 

 

 

f)

One prefers to shop at Harrods,

 

?

 

 

 

 

A) doesn't one

B) isn't it C) don't you

D) isn't one

 

 

g)

 

 

 

didn't you tell me that you felt too ill to work?

 

 

 

A) Whoever

 

B) Whatever

C) However

D) Why ever

 

 

h)

Then George punched the police officer

 

 

the face!

 

 

 

A) at

B) on

 

C) to

D) in

 

 

 

 

 

 

i)

Harry shook my hand and said, 'Pleased

 

 

you'.

 

 

 

A) to meet

B) to introduce

C) to shake

D) to acquaint

 

 

j)

Please invite

 

 

 

you like to the reception.

 

 

 

 

A) one

B) anyone

C) ones

D) all

 

 

 

Key p o i n t s

1

In some cases,

it

does not refer to another noun. Instead, it stands as a subject

 

 

because the phrase does not have a real subject.

 

 

 

 

It's late.

 

 

It's a nice day.

It's five o'clock.

 

2It is possible to use some and words made from it in questions. This is the case with offers and requests.

Are you looking for someone?

3It is possible to use any and words made from it in positive statements. This is the case when we mean no limit.

Call me any time you like.

4Some verbs (cut, enjoy, hurt) require a reflexive (myself, etc) if there is no other

object.

 

 

I enjoyed the party.

Martha

cut her finger.

I enjoyed myself.

Martha

cut herself.

195

Explanations

Common spelling

Words ending in -ful

problems

 

There is only one I when -ful is a suffix.

 

 

useful

helpful

 

Doubling of consonants

 

 

Adjectives form adverbs by adding -ly.

 

 

usefully

helpfully

Words with one syllable, ending in one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant when adding -ing, -ed or -er.

swim swimming fit fitted thin thinner

Most two-syllable words ending in one vowel and one consonant also double the last consonant, especially when the stress is on the second syllable.

prefer preferred BUT

bother bothering

A common exception is

travel traveller.

Words ending in -y

One syllable nouns ending -y change -y to -i in plurals. One-syllable verbs ending -y also change -y to -;' in the present simple and past simple.

spy

spies

 

try

tries

tried

But one-syllable words ending in one vowel and -y do not change.

boy

boys

 

One-syllable words do not change when we add -ful and -ness.

joy joyful

shy shyness

 

Two-syllable words change.

 

reply

replies

replied

happy

 

happiness

beauty

 

beautiful

But two-syllable words ending in one vowel and -y do not change.

destroy

destroyed

 

These rules do not apply when we add -ing.

try trying

study studying

annoy annoying

- Words with ie and ei

The general rule is i before e except after c, as long as the sound is /i:/. receive relief

BUT feign (the sound is not /i:/)

196

G R A M M A R 3 4 SPELLING A N D P R O N U N C I A T I O N

197

FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

1 Correct any words spelled incorrectly.

a) studing

...studying..

b)destroying

c)donkies

d)flys

e)niece

f)hurryed

g)furnichure

h)enough

i)wellcome

j)hotter

k)reciept

1)wonderfull

m)swimming

n)regreted

o)hopefuly

p)applying

q)heard

r)inshurance

s)happily

t)advertisment

2 Find a word from the box which rhymes with each word given.

a) church

search.

b)hate

c)rough

d)throw

e)comb

f)dumb

g)plough

h)height

i)summer

j)pour

198

G R A M M A R 3 4 SPELLING A N D P R O N U N C I A T I O N

3 Write each word ending in the suffix given.

a) supply (ing)

..supplying.

b)destroy (ed)

c)apply (ed)

d)lonely (ness)

e)employ (s)

f)cry(s)

g)silly (ness)

h)annoy (s)

i)beauty (ful)

j)pretty (ness)

4Find one word in each group of words which does not have the same vowel sound (sounds are underlined in two-syllable words).

a)become sung company cold flood cold

b)plate treat wait weight great

c)lose used choose blouse few

d)doubt bough ought now shout

e)lost post toast ghost host

f)mist missed list iced kissed

g)love done gone sunk won

h)bird search heart word church

i)two show though go owe

j)about wonder suppose refer colour

5Correct any words spelled incorrectly.

a) sincerly

.sincerely..

dictionry

b)

different

 

intresting

c)

loverly

 

necessary

d)

writing

 

unninteresting

e)

pulover

 

definitly

f)

friend

 

responsable

g)

holliday

 

quantity

h)

likelihood

 

lugage

i)

impatient

 

studient

j)

finaly

 

pavement

199

Put one suitable word in each space.

The first day in the job

I will always remember my first day working at the Excelsior Food Company.

First of (1)

all

, I was given a greasy overall. (2)

had

worn it before had certainly never washed it! When I mentioned this to the

foreman he said, 'You're not afraid of a bit of dirt, (3)

you?' I

wanted to say that I thought (4)

was supposed to be a high

standard of cleanliness in a food factory, but I managed to control

 

(5)

 

Then I was given my first job, (6)

involved

sweeping the floor. (7)

only was my overall filthy, but the whole

factory looked as if (8)

had ever cleaned it properly.

 

(9)

 

were also (10)

I later discovered to be pigs'

ears scattered around the place. (11)

it was my first day, I didn't

say anything about this. (12)

that I had to put pies into boxes for

the rest of the morning. (13)

was supposed to put them into the

cold-store, but (14)

this person was, they had obviously forgotten

about it. As a (15)

, there was soon a huge pile of boxes waiting to

be moved. Then I discovered that I was supposed to be moving them!

2Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

a)Under no circumstances should you press both buttons at once.

You ...should never press both buttons at once under

any circumstances

b)It was cold, so I decided to wear two pullovers. As

c)Did you have a good time at the party? Did you enjoy

d)Outside the cinema somebody grabbed my arm. Outside the cinema I

e)The army's defeat was due to poor organization. The army was defeated

f)Jean not once offered her boss a word of apology. Not once

200

G R A M M A R 35 C O N S O L I D A T I O N 7

g)There's no food in the house, I'm afraid. There's nothing

h)It's pointless going on any further tonight. There's

i)It's difficult to describe what Sally saw. What

j)I have seldom had a more relaxing holiday. Seldom

3 Complete each sentence with the most suitable word or phrase.

a)

One really shouldn't drink too much,

 

D.

?

 

A) does one

B) should you

C) do you

D) should one

b)

 

 

 

, I would like to propose a toast.

 

 

A) For example B) In conclusion

C)

On the other hand D) Thus

c)

Do you think

 

 

could help me choose a pair of trousers?

 

A) someone

B) anyone

C) whoever D) there

 

d)

 

 

 

doesn't seem to be anyone at home.

 

 

A) It

B) One

C) There

D) Whenever

 

 

 

e)

 

 

 

did I realise that the murderer was still in the house!

 

A) Seldom

B) Under no circumstances

C) Only after D) Only then

f)

 

 

 

, I don't believe that prices will rise next year.

 

A) In contrast

B) Personally C) Not only

D) Whatever

g) You're covered in mud!

 

 

is your mother going to say?

 

A) Rarely

B) Furthermore

C) Whatever

D) On account of

h)

Oh bother,

 

 

the bus I wanted to catch!

 

 

A) wherever

B) it's left

C) there goes

D) owing to

i)

Please help yourselves to

 

 

you like.

 

 

A) whoever

B) nothing

C) everywhere

 

D) anything

j) Nobody's got to stay late this evening,

 

 

?

 

A) is it

B) have they C) isn't it

D) don't they

 

201

FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

4Look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. Tick each correct line. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word in the space.

Kidnapped by aliens

I am sure you have heard of Marion Taylor, haven't you? Marion was the young girl she kidnapped by aliens in 1993. Not only that was

she given a ride to a distant planet, but whether she also managed to take some photos of the aliens who they had taken her prisoner, since she had been carrying herself a camera when they captured her. Whenever I hear stories like this I assume so

that they have been made them up. It is hard to believe Marion's story, owing to the fact that she was

only ten years old at the time. Besides this, it was turned out that she spent most of her time watching science fiction videos. One cannot really believe in that there are really little green aliens who they fly all the way to our planet just so that they can kidnap people. Nevertheless, although Marion became famous and her photos were bought by a newspaper for a great deal of money.

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