English_books / MacMillan-FCE.Language.Practice.With.Key(M.Vince) nen in

a)

Don't leave anything behind, ...will

you..

?

b) David is bringing some wine,

?

c)

You'll be home before midnight,

?

d) Harry was working in Bristol then,

?

e) Nobody knows who invented the wheel,

?

f)

You don't need me any more,

?

g) The ticket to London doesn't cost a lot,

?

h)

Let's invite the Smiths from next door,

?

i)

You aren't too busy to talk,

?

j)

Jean owns a restaurant,

?

Seldom

'.

5

Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space.

Asking for advice

You don't happen to know how this computer works, (1)

C.

?

(2)

had I bought it (3)

I regretted spending so much

money! I haven't even got an instruction manual. (4)

did I

completely fail to understand the instructions, (5)

then I

accidentally threw the manual away. Now I'll never understand it,

(6)

, I said to myself. (7)

my weekend, I thought, but

then I remembered you. You've done a course on computers, (8)

?

Let's look at it together, (9)

, and try to understand it. You press

this button first, (10)

? Then (11)

this

little light,

and a message that says 'Error'. It shouldn't do that,

(12)

? You

can fix it, (13)

? Don't do that! This label says: '(14)

should an unqualified person remove this panel'. Well, you are unqualified,

(15)

? What do you mean, do it yourself!

1)

A are you

B is it

C do you

D isn't it

2)

A No sooner

B After

C Not only

D As soon as

3)

A that

B but

C and

D than

4)

A Not only

B Seldom

C Not once

D Only then

5)

A than

B but

C so

D and

6)

A can't I

B won't I

C will I

D can I

7)

A It goes

B Goes it

C Goes there

D There goes

8)

A isn't it

B haven't you

C didn't you

D don't you

9)

A do we

B don't it

C shall we

D aren't we

10)

A don't you

B isn't it

C can't you

D won't you

11)

A on comes

B comes on

C it comes on

D comes it on

12)

A does it

B should it

C shouldn't it

D won't it

13)

A isn't it

B don't you

C can't you

D can't it

14)

A Not only

B Only then

C Never

D Under no circumstances

15)

A isn't it

B are you

C don't you

D aren't you

Key points

1

In formal speech and writing it is possible to use inversion after negative

adverbs. The adverb has to be at the beginning of the sentence or clause.

2

Intonation carries important meaning in question tags. Rising tags are

Reason

•

Because, as and since

As and since have the meaning of because and can begin a sentence.

As/since it was late, we decided to go home.

In formal, written language we can use for to mean because, but it cannot

begin a sentence.

Peter has given up sailing,

for he doesn't have the time.

• Because of, on account of, due to and owing to

We can use all these words in place of because of.

Everyone was depressed on account of/due to/owing to the bad weather.

Note this difference:

Sue's success was due to her hard work.

(noun + be + due to)

Sue succeeded owing to her hard work.

(verb + owing to)

Text organizers

Grammar 13 and the first part of this unit cover linking words that join clauses

within a sentence. There are also linking words that join ideas across sentences

and paragraphs. These are sometimes called 'text organizers' because they make

clear the organization of what we say or write. They are more common in

writing or formal speech. They usually come at the start of a sentence and have

a comma afterwards, but can come after a comma in the middle of a sentence.

•

Sequencing

We often number or order the points we are making.

First (of all)

..., Secondly

..., Next..., Then

..., Finally/lastly/last

of all ...

In narrative, the sequence of events can be introduced by:

First..., Then

..., After that..., Finally/in the end ...

•

Adding

We can introduce additional points.

Furthermore ...

, Moreover ...

, In addition to

..., As well as this ...

,

Besides this ...

b)

it's too late to finish the work today, we'll come back

tomorrow.

c)

The flight was delayed

a result of the high winds.

d) This radio is expensive, but

the other hand it has very good

reception.

e)

First

all, I would like to welcome you to our annual dinner.

f)

John is a hard worker. As

as this, he is completely reliable.

g)

Science has not entirely changed the way we think

instance,

we still speak of the 'sunrise' although we know it is the Earth that is

moving.

h)

Although this building project seems attractive, in my

it would

be a mistake to spend so much money on it.

Owning a car

Owning a car has several advantages. (1)

A

you can go wherever you

want, whenever you want. You don't have to depend on public transport and

(2)

you feel more independent. (3)

you are able to

give lifts to friends, or carry heavy loads of shopping. (4)

, there

can be problems, especially if you live in a city. Running a car can be expensive,

and you have to spend money on items (5)

petrol, servicing the

car, and repairs. You might also have problems with parking, as everywhere is

becoming more and more crowded with cars. (6)

, most people

feel that the advantages of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages.

(7)

most young people of my age start driving as soon as they

can. (8)

, I think that cars nowadays have become essential, but I

also feel that they cause a lot of problems,

(9)

they are noisy and

dirty. (10)

, the large numbers of cars on the road means that

most towns and cities are organized for the convenience of cars, and the needs

of pedestrians are ignored.

1)

A First of all

B As a result

C Personally

D Besides this

2)

A however

B personally

C since

D as a result

3)

A In contrast

B In my view

C Besides this

D However

4)

A On the other hand B To sum up

C Thus

D For example

5)

A as

B such as

C owing to

D then

6)

A Finally

B Secondly

C However

D As

7)

A For

B Next

C As well as this D Consequently

8)

A For example

B Personally

C Nevertheless

D In comparison

9)

A for example

B however

C thus

D since

10)

A As a result

B Moreover

C Personally

D In comparison

Key points

1 Text organizers help readers and listeners to follow the development of an

argument. Most of the expressions listed are formal in use.

It and there

It generally refers to something already mentioned. There is used with be to say

that something exists.

There is a good film on tonight. It stars Kim Basinger.

It is also used in some phrases which do not have a grammatical subject.

It's

raining again. It's half past six.

It doesn't matter. It's time to go.

It and adjectives

It is also used in the pattern it + adjective + infinitive/-ing.

It's good to see you. It was nice meeting you.

In informal speech, it and the verb be are often left out.

Good to see you.

Nice meeting you.

One

-

One can be used as a pronoun, and has a plural ones.

I don't like this one. I only like green ones.

• The phrase one another refers to two subjects.

Martin and David can't stand one another.

This means that Martin can't stand David, and David can't stand Martin.

• In normal conversation we use you to refer to anybody.

As you get older you tend to forget things.

But in formal speech and writing we can use one with this meaning. This is

considered over-formal by many speakers.

What does one wear to a dinner of this kind?

It's

not pleasant to

hear oneself described by one's employees.

Someone, everyone,

-

-body can be used instead of -one without a change in meaning.

anyone, somewhere,

-Words

beginning some or any follow the usual patterns for these words, with

etc

any words normally used in questions and after negatives.

There's something under the desk. Can you see anything?

But we can use some in a question if it is an offer or request.

Are you looking for somewhere to stay?

Could someone help me, please?

And we use any in positive statements where we mean it doesn't matter which

or there is no limit to the possibilities.

Please sit anywhere you like.

Anyone who's tall

will do.

What as a pronoun

What can be used as a pronoun meaning the thing(s) that.

What we need is a hammer.

Whatever, whoever,

• These words are used to add emphasis to the question word.

wherever, whenever,

What you are doing? -> Whatever are you doing? (shows more surprise)

why ever, however

• We also use these words to mean any at all.

Whatever you say is wrong! (Anything at all you say ...)

Reflexive

• Reflexive pronouns can be used for emphasis.

pronouns

Why

don't you

do it yourself?

I paid

for the

tickets myself.

Sue cut herself.

I have hurt myself.

Did you enjoy yourself?

But other verbs are not normally used with a reflexive pronoun, even though

they are in other languages. Examples include: change (clothes), complain,

decide, dress, feel, meet, relax, remember, rest, sit down, stand up, wake up, wash,

wonder, worry

Possessives: parts

When we talk about parts of the body we often use a preposition + the rather

of the body

than a preposition + a possessive adjective.

Jack gave Bill a punch on the nose.

I grabbed him by the arm.

Jack punched Bill on the nose.

I looked him in the eyes.

Whoever

stole

the

painting

must

have

been