Lexis

In English the most common negative prefix is un-, as in the word unnatural, meaning "not natural." Other negative prefixes occur as well, but since their occurrence is largely unpredictable, their usage needs to be learned word by word. For example, the negative prefix iroccurs only before words that begin with ' 'r,'' as in irreguJar, but not all words that begin with "r" use the irprefix. The word unromantic, for example, uses the unprefix. This list of negative prefixes shows their usages.

Change each phrase below to a word with a negative prefix. You may need to use a dictionary to learn the correct form.

[n pairs or in small groups, discuss the following:

1.What are the characteristics of a comfortable chair? a well-designed theater?

2.Name the workers you would find in a typical restaurant. What role does each worker play in the operation of the restaurant?

3.Everyone would probably enjoy having an abundance of money. What other things would you like to have an abundance of?

4.All cultures seem to have proverbs that describe human behavior or offer rules to live by. Tell the meaning of each of the following American sayings. The first one has been done for you.

a. Birds of a feather flock together.

People who are similar tend to associate with each other.

o.You can't tell a book by its cover.

сThe tree will grow as the wind blows it.

d.You are what you eat.

e.Like father, like son.

Activity 14

Figure 2.1 is a family chart. The relationships are to the individual labeled "A".

1.What symbol is used to represent a female?

2.What symbol is used to represent a male?

3.What symbol is used to represent a marriage?

4.Is individual A a male or a female?

Figure 2.2 is another family chart. Each individual has been labeled with a letter.

5.How many siblings does G have?

6.How many siblings does E have?

7.Which individual is not biologically related to }?

8.Which individuals are not biologically related to A? i

9.What is the relationship between D and H?

10.What is the relationship between К and J?

11.What is the relationship between К and B?

12.Who is E a descendant of?

Ten words have been selected from the original vocabulary list for closer study. These words and their related forms are charted below.

The word distinct means "clear" or "unmistakable." The word distinctive means "having a trait that allows a person to distinguish between two things."

The speaker's words were distinct despite the noise of the crowd.

We can identify the voices of our /riends on the telephone because they have distinctive voices.

Read the paragraph below, then complete the given tasks.

To the untrained eye, all pigeons look alike, but to ornithologists and birdwatchers, the distinctiveness of each species is clearly apparent. Not only does each species have distinctive markings, but each species also makes a distinctive sound. A distinction is made between pigeons and doves on the basis of size, but there is no real difference between the two kinds of birds. In general, the larger species are referred to as pigeons and the smaller ones as doves.

Identify the birds in the diagram from their descriptions.

Activity 2

Using the characteristics above, tell how these birds can be identified. Use the words given below to form complete sentences.

Answer these questions, using the words given.

7.How can bird-watchers identify birds by their appearance? (distinguishing)

8.How can bird-watchers distinguish between pigeons and doves? (distinguishable)

To be related can refer to biological connections or can show a cause-and-effect connection between events.

Modern reptiJes are reJated to the extinct dinosaurs.

A decrease in lung cancer is reJated to the crusade to encourage people to stop smoking.

To be interrelated suggests that both elements in a relationship affect one another. For example:

The price of a product and the demand for the product are interrelated.

In complete sentences, tell whether the following pairs of items are related or interrelated. When there is a one-way cause-effect relationship, the cause is named last.

1.athletic skill/amount of time spent practicing

2.phases of the moon/ocean tides

3.the divorce rate/the number of women working

4.the weather/the amount of wheat a farmer can grow

Relatively implies a comparison of one thing or event to others like it.

My neighborhood is relatively quiet. (My neighborhood is not quiet, but compared to other neighborhoods, it seems quiet.)

For each of the following lists, make a statement about the underlined item compared to the others. Use relatively and one of these words: low, short, few, small.

Relative as an adjective suggests a comparison between something and others like it. For example, if you drew a diagram of the solar system that showed the relative sizes of the planets, Mercury would be 3" in diameter, Earth nearly 8" in diameter, and Jupiter more than 88".

Rewrite these questions to include the word relative. The first one has been done for you.

1. How important is diet in disease prevention?

What is the relative importance of diet in disease prevention?

2.Of what value is preschool attendance for later academic success?

3.What effect does religion have on a child's morals?

Using your own ideas or knowledge, answer the above questions using in relation to. For example:

Diet is very important in relation to disease prevention.

alized program requires the teacher to give instruction to each student rather than to the class as a whole, (e) As a result, the students must study by themselves and must be given separate tests.

Restate the numbered sentences using the words given. You may need to add words or change the word order to make the sentences logical and grammatical.

1.(Sentence a) individual

2.(Sentence b) individualizing

3.(Sentence c) individualized

4.(Sentence d) individualization

5.(Sentence e) individually; individual

Complete the following paragraph, using word forms from the previous activity.

work out on an exercise bicycle while others jogged. It takes a lot of time and expertise

only X chromosomes, while a male's sperm contains either an X or a Y chromosome,

(d) A male embryo results when a sperm containing a Y chromosome unites with a female ovum, (e) A female embryo results when a sperm containing an X chromosome unites with a female ovum.

To determine has several different meanings. As used above, it means "to fix conclusively.' '

Genes determine the color of our eyes and hair.

To determine can also mean "to learn or find out."

Geneticists are trying to determine if certain diseases are inherited.

As a result is used to introduce the result or conclusion after one or more statements indicating cause. Put the following statements in logical order. Add as a result before the result statement.

1. a. Doctors caution pregnant women over 40 that their babies may be born with Down's syndrome,

b.The occurrence of Down's syndrome seems to be related to the age of the mother,

сA relatively large number of babies with Down's syndrome is born to mothers over the age of 40.

2.a. People with a perception problem known as dyslexia perceive letters and words

differently from the way they are printed, b. Dyslexics are poor readers,

с Dyslexics may confuse letters like p, b, d, and q.

The three phrases below are used to introduce a conclusion made on the basis of observation or reasoning. The conclusion may or may not be correct, but it seems correct.

Women between the ages of 35 and 39 are most likely to give birth to fraternal twins. It appears that the age of the mother is related to twin births.

Write a conclusion for each of the following statements. Begin the conclusion with one of the above phrases.

1.Identical twins reared apart are usually more similar in height than in weight.

2.Parents often give identical twins names that sound similar, such as Jane and Joan.

3.The Yoruba people of Nigeria annually celebrate Twins Day with dancing and gift giving.