13. Morphemic structure of the word.

The morphological system of language reveals its properties through the morphemic str-re of words. The word is an extremely compound & many-sided phenomenon. Acc. to different linguistic trends the word may be defined as the min. potential sentence, the min. free linguistic form, the elementary component of the sentence, the grammatically arranged combination of sound with meaning, uninterrupted string of morphemes etc. But none of them has the power to be precise. Here are the fundamental properties of the word. It’s the elementary component of the lexicon & together with other nominative units the word is used for the formation of the sentence. It is a nominative unit of language formed by morphemes – meaningful segmental components made of phonemes. As soon as the morpheme is nothing but a part of the word its functions are effected only as the correspondent constituent functions of the word as a whole (train-ed /-d/; publish-ed /-t/; meditat-ed /id/). Notional words first of all nouns & verbs possess some morphemic features expressing gram-al (morp-al) meanings. These features determine the gram-l forms of the word.

14. The verb. Grammatical categories of Tense & Aspect

The Verb is a notional part of speech which denotes an action (to run), state (to be), feeling (to smell) & process of thinking (to think). The basic forms of English verbs are Infinitive, the Past Indef., Participle II. The verb in its finite form can be changed acc. to the categories of person, number, tense (Past, Present, Future), aspect (Indef., Cont., Perf, Perf. Cont.), voice (Passive, Active) & mood (Indic., Imper., Subj.) Also verbs may have finite & non-finite forms, be transitive & intransitive, regular & irregular. The verbal forms denoting time relations are called Tenses. It is the most typical gram. category showing how the speaker determines the time relation of the utterance to the moment of speech, which is very important because in some lang. tenses are arranged to express the time of an action (past, present, future as in Ukr. & Rus.), but in other lang. the relation of speaker to the moment of speech is conveyed indirectly (Past Perf., Fut. Perf.). The category of aspect characterizes the action from another point of view & deals with the development of it: whether the action is taken in its progress, its development, or it is simply stated, its nature being unspecified. The Common aspect represents the action as simply occurring. The Contin. aspect considers the action in its progress at a concrete given moment & almost corresponds to the Russian imperfective aspect. The Perfect aspect reflects a kind of timing, through in a purely relative way. It coordinates two times, locating one of them in retrospect towards the other.

15. The verb. Grammatical categories of Voice & Mood

The Verb is a notional part of speech which denotes an action (to run), state (to be), feeling (to smell) & process of thinking (to think). The basic forms of English verbs are Infinitive, the Past Indef., Participle II. The verb in its finite form can be changed acc. to the categories of person, number, tense (Past, Present, Future), aspect (Indef., Cont., Perf, Perf. Cont.), voice (Passive, Active) & mood (Indic., Imper., Subj.) Also verbs may have finite & non-finite forms, be transitive & intransitive, regular & irregular. Voice is the form of the verb shows the relation between the action & its subject, indicating whether the action is performed by the subject or passes on to it. This category shows the direction of the process The passive form is formed by the unique lexeme to be in the corresponding form & Partic. II of the conjugated verb & expresses the reception of the action; the active form leaves this meaning unspecified. The using of the passive voice is much more broader in English than in Russian. But the words of the statal subclass are alien to the passive form (have, belong, cost). The passive form is usually chosen when: 1) the active subject is unknown or can’t easily be stated; 2) the act. subj. is self-evident; 3) there are special reasons for not mentioning the act. subj.; 4) a greater interest is given to the passive subject; 5) to connect two sentences. The category of Mood expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb & the objective reality, real un unreal. Indic. & Imper. Moods regard the process as a fact that really happened, happens or will happen. Subj. Mood treats it as an imaginary, desirable, planed, wished phenomenon. The Pres. Subj. is associated with the idea of hopeful, likelihood, while the Past Perf, Subj. indicates doubt, unreality, modesty, politeness.