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Lecture 5 Old English grammar.doc
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Conjugation of Old English Strong Verbs

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative

Present ic drīfe ic drīfe --

Þū drīfest Þū drīfe drīf

hē/o drīf(e)Þ hē/o drīfe

wē, gē, hīe drīfaÞ drifen gē drīfaÞ

Past ic drāf ic drife

Þū drife Þū drife

hē/o drāf hē/o drife

wē, gē, hīe drifon drifen

Past Participle (ge)drīfen

Conjugation of Old English Weak Verbs

Present Indicative Subjunctive Imperative

ic fremme “do” ic fremme

Þū fremme Þū fremme freme

hē/o, hit frem(e)Þ hē/o, hit fremme

wē, gē, hīe fremmaÞ fremmen fremmaÞ

Past ic fremede ic fremede

Þū fremedest Þū fremede

hē/o, hit fremede hē/o, hit fremede

wē, gē, hīe fremedon fremeden

Past Participle (ge)fremed

The Non-Finate Forms

The non finite forms are: the Infinitive and the two Participles.

The non-finite forms in OE are more loosely connected with the finite system than in Modern English for two reasons: 1) there are no analytic forms in OE, although their prototypes exist as various combinations of link-verb and predicative;

2) the non-finite forms themselves posses fewer verbal features. Their subsequent development binds them more closely with the finite verb.

1. The Infinitive. There are two infinitive forms; one of them is called the Dative

Infinitive (the Indo-European infinitive had been a declinable noun). This infinitive is preceded by and has the ending –anne; it is used in independent syntactic positions, mainly as adverbial modifier of purpose, but also as subject and predicative. The infinitive with the ending –an functions, as a rule, in combination with preterite-present verbs and in other verbal collocations.

1.bindan dēman baÞian

2. tō bindanne tō dēmanne tō baÞianne

2. Participle I. Participle I has the ending –ende and is declined as a weak adjective.

It is used attributively (in pre- and post-position) and predicatively:

masc., neut. bindend-e, fem. –u;

masc., neut. dēmend-e, fem. –u;

masc., neut. baÞiend-e, fem. –u

3. Participle II. Participle II has the ending n or –ed, -od, according to the type of verb (strong or weak). It is declined as adjective (according both to the strong and the weak pattern) and is used mainly as attribute and predicative.

Preterite-Present Verbs

The so-called preterite-present verbs are small group of verbs (12) which have vowel-gradation in their present-tense form, corresponding to vowel-gradation in the preterit of strong verbs. Their preterite is formed on the weak pattern. The infinitive has, as a rule, the 3rd (zero) grade. These verbs have a marked modal meaning; most of them exist in MnE as modal vebs.

Present

1st class witan wāt

2nd class dugan deag

3rd class cunnan cann

unnan ann

durran dearr

þurfan þearf

4th class sculan sceal

munan man

5th class magan mæg

6th class mōt

7th class āgan āge

Preterite Participle II

1st class witon wiste

2nd class dugon dohte

3rd class cunnon cūðe cūð

unnon ūðe

durron dorste

þurfon þorfte

4th class sculon scelde, scolde

munon munde, gemunden

5th class magon meahte, mihte

6th class mōton mōste

7th class āgon āhte

The Substantive Verb

The substantive verb (i. e. the verb with the meaning of “to be, to exist”) is represented in OE by three roots; only two of them have infinitives.

No infinitive

Present

Indicative Subjunctive

1.eom

Sing. 2. eart Sing. sŷ, siē

3. is

Plur. sind, sindon Plur. sŷn, siēn

bēon

Present

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