The means of attachment of goods wagons
For securing cargo in wagons apply stretch, trim, ties, link, wooden poles, sticks and shields, thrust shoes, frames, tapes, pyramids. The means of attachment may be disposable and reusable.
Quality and reliability of multi-fastening means is provided to the party in the shipment. When making a railway station of shipping documents may request the shipper act of a periodical inspection of the multi-fastening devices, confirming its suitability for use.
When installing the fixings and fastening devices used by the standard fasteners such as screws, bolts, nails, construction staples.
1. Rail - a means of attachment, covering goods and which is fixed at both ends for device on the car. Screed - a means of matured, designed to connect to each other and the tension of other means of attachment (as a rule, braces, studs, pillars). Linking - a means of attachment that is designed to combine the individual units of cargo in a cargo space.
2. In making braces, studs, clamps, linkages, use the following materials:
- Steel wire; - Rental or strip steel; - Steel chains, cables.
3.Section diameter round bars shall be not less than 5 mm square transverse cross-section of non-circular steel shall be not less than 20 mm2. On the surface of steel should not be mechanical damage, cracks.
4. For mounting studs in the stretch and used cars:
- On the platform rack brackets, support brackets on the end rail; side brackets on platforms for large containers and wheeled vehicles.
5. Do not mount extensions and studs to other body parts for wagons, including the bracket, designed to secure racks within the body of the wagon and the rings on the outer surface of the sections of the board the platform.
6. You must use composite of the or combined stretching and strapping. The strength of the connecting elements such extensions and studs must be at least an hour-strength composite.
7. Non stretch ends made of solid steel rod and strip, fixed to the load by means of welding or bolting. The reliability of these compounds is provided by the shipper.
8. Trim on platforms fixed to two opposite rack bracket.
9.Stretching, binding to form a train in the following ways.
Method 1. One end of the wire lead round twice around the car device and tightening the at least two times around the thread. The other end of the wire is passed through a series device on cargo and car, creating an extension, tying with the required number of threads. The ends of the wire for termination must be at least 500 mm. The direction of contours at the ends of threads should be clamped so that the subsequent twisting stretch their terminations are not weakened. The filaments stretch, twist tie crowbar or other device to tension of.
Method 2: The thread is passed through a device wagon and the other extreme on it, forming a strand of two equal-length filaments. Lead round the lock end twice around device all in goods, then the ends of the wires - individually around half the number of extensions, trim. Requirements for the clamped ends and twisting stretch, binding similar to method 1.
Method 3: Stretching, piping formed of strands consisting of two strands of continuous wire . Strand is passed through a device and the other extreme, leaving the ends to seal a length of not less than 500 mm, one twist of at least two times around the strands. After the formation of stretch marks, each end of the strands individually around the same order of different strands.
10. Twisting the stretch, tie, tie between the load and wagon should be uniform throughout its length.
Allowed length of the stretch, tie, trim the branches of more than 1.5 m twist it in two places, not allowing unwinding of a twisted plot earlier. Trim to twist at least two places - on opposite branches. In stretching, binding, with the excesses of branches on consignment, you must additionally twisting the sections between the excesses of length greater than 300 mm (When twisting device for twisting must be installed in mid-twisting plot (between the device wagon and cargo between device of the car and bend to the cargo, places of inflection on the load).
11.In calculating the stretch, studs, clamps, linkages, the number of threads and wires, respectively, the operating section and the load bearing capacity are determined without taking into account all .The number of threads in these vehicles should be mounting even.
12.It is not allowed to form on the train stretching, binding, linking, ties, scrap number exceeding 8 with a diameter of wire 6 mm.
13.It is not allowed to touch each other stretch, studs for securing cargo with the possibility of elastic waves with respect to the car, for example.
14. Stretching, strapping made from bar or strip steel with tension-governmental units, must not touch the private side of the platform. If you are a private board that can not be avoided, a board must be removed.
15.Do not bearing braces, studs from wire to board the platform, if the angle between the stretching and the vertical plane at the point of contact with the bead-shaped board is more than 15 °. If it is impossible to fulfill this condition, stretching and strapping is passed under the lateral sides, cards or board form must be omitted.
16.Stretching should be placed so that the angle between the stretching and floor, and the angle between the projection of stretching on the floor of the car and the longitudinal axis of the car with no more than 45°.
In cases where due to structural features of the goods or the conditions of his time-displaced this attitude stretch marks can not be allowed an increase in the angles of inclination of stretch marks while increasing the number of strands of wire in the braces. Increase the number of threads in the stretching of the wire with a diameter of 6 mm and 7 mm with increasing angle of stretch marks.
17.It is allowed to use wire lashing with replacement other wire diameter, provided that equal strength of element attachment.
18. The strength of ties shall be not less than the strength of connected components of the element.
19. Number of threads in conjunction determine the calculated or experimental means. Twisting in conjunction produce at least two places to the tension, preventing unwinding of the twisted plot earlier. The method of sealing the ends of the wire in relation analogous to the way the ends of the wire termination in screeds.
20. Linings and pads are made of lumber not less than the third grade. The use of birch, aspen, linden is allowed only for the manufacture of linings and pads, working only in compression, which are not fixed thrust, spacer bars and other fasteners. Do not use these types of wood, as well as the dry wood of all species for the production of thrust and spacer bars.
Allowed to produce linings and pads of different profiles of metal, reinforced concrete and other materials, if it does not damage the cargo.
Linings and pads are used to increase the area of bearing load on the floor of the car, protect the cargo from the collapse of the stack, allow mechanical loading and unloading of goods, protection of the car from damage, as well as mounting spacers and thrust bars.
The height of washers, gaskets must be at least 25 mm. The width of washers, gaskets must be at least 80 mm (unless otherwise provided by specific technical-sky conditions for stowing and securing of cargo), the ratio of width to height must be at least 1.5. The length of linings, stacked across the car, must be equal to the width of the body, and seals - no less than the width of the load. The transverse installation, applies the stack to separate the goods are placed one above the other at a distance of not less than 500 mm from the ends of the cargo and at least 300 mm from the side racks.
Pads and gaskets are allowed to produce components for height, width of two parts, the length - of several parts. Jointing shims along the length of permitted only on the sill (for transverse pads) or the transverse beams (for the longitudinal shims). The thickness of the parts washers, should be at least 35 mm. The height of parts washers and gaskets, composite width and length should be the same throughout.
Method of manufacturing composite shims, spacers. In cases where the method of stowing and securing cargo includes mounting pads to the floor of the car, fastening parts washers should be done in the following order.
Linings, components of height. The lower part of the lining nailed to the floor of the nails, nailed in a similar way to the top of the bottom. Allowed part of the lining nailed to the floor. Components together with nails, screws, staples in amount to provide them immobile mobility relative to each other when laying on the car. Each part of the lining in-beaten to the floor with nails, but these should not be less than 75% of quantitative Island needed to attach the lining.
21. The thickness of the pillars should be 120 - 140 mm in the lower bran and not less than 90 mm at the top. The cross section of timber stands shall be not less 120 mm. The thickness of the racks are installed in open-top car should be at least 100 mm at the upper belt strapping gondola.
Side racks should be installed in the following ways:
Method 1: rack mounted on the floor gondola passing it through a forest bracket and attach to the bottom of the device linking of wire with a diameter of 5 mm in two strands.
Method 2: rack mounted on the floor close to the gondola and the bottom bracket forest device attached to and linkages of the wire with a diameter not less than 5 mm in two strands.
Method 3: In the gondola, equipped with wood staples, deployed under an angle 300, the stand in an inclined position, the bracket is inserted into the timber, the lower end of the bar set close to the device and attach it to the linking of wire diameter less than 5 mm in two strands.
The height of side racks above the upper timber strapping-on gondola should be no more than: a) the loading within the main loading gauge: 900 mm - 1880 mm height of the sides; 700 mm - 2060 mm height of the sides; b) the loading zone within the loading gauge: 1466 mm - 1880 mm height of the sides; 1266 mm - 2060 mm height of the boards. On railway platforms are installed in racks designed for the lateral and mechanical rack bracket. Racks of round timber shall establish butt down. The lower end of the rack should be wormed his way into the inner dimensions of the bracket. The rack must stand for the bottom edge of the brackets to 100-200 mm. The gap between the column and bracket shall be permitted only by the lateral beam platforms are not more than 15 mm at the lower edge of the bracket. In this case, the rack must be additionally secured wedge. Wedge should be tightly packed bottom and fastened to the rack with two nails, length 80 - 90 mm.
Short rack set to increase the carrying capacity of the sides of the. The height of short legs on the floor platform must be greater than the height of the side backed by no less than 100 mm. High rack used to goods bearing the height of the loading, significantly greater than the height of the sides of the platform.
To increase the carrying capacity of mounting rack opposite ties at the top, and if necessary - in the upper and middle parts of the height .
Bond short legs and the upper attachment of high racks must be satisfied-you so that the distance from the surface of the screed load was 50 - - 100 mm, the distance from the top edge to tie racks - no less than 100 mm. The average credit-captured high racks must be made so that the buckle did not touch the goods.
22.Thrust and spacer blocks, spacer frame is used to secure cargo of translational displacements along and across the car, as well as to transfer the inertial forces from the cargo on the car body parts. Parameters of the tree bars and frames are taken in accordance with the regulations; parameters of bars and frames made of other materials should be determined by calculation, followed by experimental verification. The wooden elements of the spacer frame is connected with nails, construction bracket-mi, overlays, and other fasteners.
The height of the spacer bars and thrust must be at least 50 mm.
23. For fixing wooden chocks, persistent, spacing of bars and frames for wooden flooring floor car, fastened to the cargo, as well as to interconnect the wooden fixings use nails.
Allowed to replace the nails of the same diameter corresponding number of nails of different diameter subject to the requirements of their length.
When attaching the fastening means to the floor of the car must be packed nails to the floor of the car. Bending of the rod nails are not allowed. The length of the nails should be 50 -60 mm longer than the height of fastening.
Nail in the cracks between floorboards platforms are not counted in the total amount used to secure the nails.
24. You can use metal staples and spikes for securing cargo on wooden mounting elements and compounds of these elements together, if it does not lead to the formation of cracks.
25. Efforts bolts, studs, screws used to secure cargo must be calculated taking into account the possibility of simultaneous application and bending loads.
To prevent the weakening of threaded connections should be applied one hundred-free washers, lock nuts, cotter pins, welding.
26.It is allowed for the connection between a fastener and loaded with change-electric welding. When performing welding operations shall be provided with security measures under the relevant rules and regulations. Fastening means (cargo) on which the welding must be earthed single wires, while not allowed to use the car design elements as the grounding device.