Discovering language

1. Complete the sentences. Put the verbs into the correct form:

.

1. Most thing we want … …free in nature. (not/ be)

2. She ... a lot of different jobs in the firm. (do)

3. At the moment the director ... the problem and the secretary ... the telephone. (discuss, answer)

4. As our knowledge ... we ... more and more opportunities. (grow, exploit)

5. The growth of civilization ... largely the development of new wants. (be)

6. They ... at five o'clock most days but they ... late today. (finish, work)

7. Professional corporations ... more common now. (become)

8. We ... a meeting next week. (plan)

2. Complete the sentences using one of these verbs and verbal phrases in the present simple or the present continuous tenses: a) be, have, appear, mean, do, be going to have, be; b) involve, be going to take, go, mean, change, attempt, should/look, use. Mind the use of the active or passive voice.

a)

1. Economics ... the first art which man acquired.

2. We ... limited resources both in rich countries and poor countries.

3. By wealth the economist... all the real assets which make up our standard of living.

4 .... there any justification for protecting certain industries from foreign competition?

5. More and more economists ... on the payrolls of large corporations now.

6. They ... the skills they need to teach economists.

7. What economists ...?

b)

8. It is the directors who determine the direction the business ...

9. It... planning to ensure that the business first survives and then flourishes.

10. What it... to be a manager?

11. Every business has to decide where it....

12. Speculators ... always to the future and ... to anticipate events.

13. Technological innovations and increased competition ... the face of British banking now.

14. Banks and other financial institutions ... computer technology now.

3. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions.

1. Graduate schools are principally interested ... what they call "theoretical" research.

2. Economic education is not succeeding, because the content... what is being taught is flawed.

3. The tasks of dealing with real-world data, gaining access ... existing knowledge are not taught.

4. What is currently taught is connected ... criteria for advancement and promotion.

5. Material resources of the world are limited and our ability to make use ... these resources is even more limited ... our ignorance.

6. The price you pay consists ... all the other alternatives you have thereby given up.

7. This fact has nothing to do ... any particular form of economic and social organization.

8. Most introductory textbooks … Economics begin … posing the question, “What is Economics…?”

9. Goods can be produced … a variety … methods.

10. Any definition should take account … the guiding idea … eco­nomics which is scarcity.

4. Use the words in the brackets in the corresponding forms.

1. They (should/ not) tell the manager about their difficulties.

2. We (have) with a lot of difficulties last year.

3. The company (have) reduce prices for its goods if the demand falls.

4. The economist (be) finish the analysis before the manager makes a decision.

5. The seller (be) deliver as soon as the buyer paid for them.

6. He (ought) follow their advice?

7. The firm (have) buy new equipment or it can use old machines?

8. He (have/ not) pay any tax last year.

5. Insert must, should, have to, be to to complete the sentences.

1. The building firm … finish the construction of the new plant this year.

2. There are no parking facilities for manufactured cars, so the company … buy some lend.

3. The workers … produce the first 100 cars by the end of the year.

4. African countries … buy a large part of machinery and equipment for their plants from developed countries.

5. The engineers … follow the instructions how to use new equipment.

6. Last year the local government … (not) spend much on transport facilities as they were well maintained.

7. Companies trading in the world market … ensure high standards.

8. When most countries of Central Europe exhausted there coal resources they … import large quantities gas and oil from abroad.

9. The government … spend more money to involve more children in sports.

10. Such large countries as the USA and Canada … (not) import wheat because they produce this crop on large areas in there countries.

6. Translate the words in the brackets into the modal verbs.

1.Today they (должны будут) prepare the document for tomorrow’s meeting.

2.In the late 1940s, the Japanese government (могло) maintain only a very low level of living for the most part of population. However, the country (смогла) develop its industry by introduction of new technologies.

3.The country did not harvest enough crops last year, so it (была вынуждена) import additional foodstuffs.

4.Some small European industrialized countries (могут) provide large credits for the developing countries.

5.Some economists think that such rapidly developing Asian countries as China and Taiwan (смогут) overtake the USA in high-tech in future.

6.Nowadays some goods manufactured in developing countries (могут) compete successfully in the world market.

7.The scientists (следует) study better how people’s activities influence the earth’s climate and ecology.

8.Belgium (вынуждена была) specialize only in some manufactured goods, for example, in cars.

9.Early in 20th century, developing countries (не могли) as there were strong trade barriers.

10. A small nation (не должна) produce all manufactured goods as it (может) import them at a lower price from other countries.

LISTENING

1. Listen to the lecture about different types of Economics. Choose the appropriate endings of the sentences.

1. Markets are arrangements through which prices influence how we allocate …

a) resources

b) goods

c) services

2. Let’s have a quick look at a 3 kinds of….

a) economics

b) society

c) economy

3.This kind of economy is a society where the government …

a) solves problems

b) takes all the decisions

c) sets the goals

4.The government decides production and …

a) distribution

b) consumption

c) allocation

5. The state owns factories, and it also owns …

a) buildings

b) equipment

c) lands

6.In a free market individual people, as yourselves, are free pursue there own ….

a) interests

b) goals

c) targets

7.Let’s say you invent a new kind of …

a) TV set

b) mobile phone

c) car

8.The government controls a share of

a) output

b) stock

c) benefit

9.Most countries are ….

a) mixed economies

b) command economies

c) market economies

2. Listen to the lecture again and complete the following statements with the words the lecturer uses.

1.Markets are … through which prices influence how we … … .

2.Planing of this kind is obviously very difficult and … to do.

3.The state makes the most important decisions about what … should … .

4.Markets in which governments do not intervene are called … …

5.You do it without any … … or invention.

6.Between this two extremes lies the … economy.

7.It does this through … transfer payments and providing … such as police.

8.Others are … to free market economy.