English fo MP student book

UNIT 8 – Policing the Multicultural Society

Didn’t the police in Burnley know who Shahid Malik was, instead of mistaking him for one of the “thugs”? If they did not know Shahid Malik nor even his father, the deputy mayor of the town, then it says a great deal about the police relationship with the local community. However, even if they happened not to know who the gentleman was, couldn’t they see that here was a citizen trying to prevent a clash between the police and the youths?

The case is highly significant, said the delegation, in that it served as a powerful and poignant reminder to the eyes and minds of the community on what it meant to be a Pakistani or Bangladeshi in Britain.

The disturbances have shown a great deficit in police-community relations. However, the problem being large and multidimensional, besides local internal inquiries, the Muslim community leaders demanded the setting up of a high powered Commission of Inquiry, something like Scarman. The inquiry should examine the failures and shortcomings of policies and look into the causes that have been breeding social tension and conflict; it should recommend measures and policies in order to stop the slide towards social exclusion and create a genuinely equal and inclusive multicultural society.

# Exercise 8

Find a word in the text that has the same or similar meaning to the following: worries

outburst unashamed sudden attack (v) conflict reproduce

ask for

DISCUSSION

1.Do you think the police have failed in their relations with the community? Why?

2.In what way do you think this article and the way the events are emphasized influence public opinion?

3.Discuss the role of the media in conflicts like this.

Imagine you are at a press conference. The class is divided into two groups – the reporters and representatives of the police authorities.

Prepare a set of questions and answers in order to find out the truth about what really happened to the Labour Party National Executive member, Shahid Malik and how the police think they will try to improve community relations in future.

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This is a summary of the other recommendations made to the Minister.

-Importanţa stabilirii unor relaţii mai bune între comunităţile etnice şi liderii lor pe de o parte şi autorităţile locale pe de altă parte.

-Nevoia de cooperare mai strânsă între moschei şi centrele islamice în vederea folosirii mai bune a facilităţilor de care dispun, prin înfiinţarea unor Comitete consultative.

-Moscheile şi Centrele islamice pot aduce o contribuţie considerabilă la combaterea consumului de droguri şi a comportamentului infracţional prin alocarea unor resurse proprii.

-Nevoia de cooperare între autorităţi (guvern, autorităţile locale, poliţie, liderii comunităţilor religioase) în vederea prevenirii actelor de violenţă.

Operation Trident – A Joint Customs and PoliceOoperation to Tackle Jamaican “Yardie” Gangs.

1)On December 14 2001, British police charged ____________________________

with ________________________ into London’s Gatwick Airport, just over a week after _____________________________________________ into Heathrow Airport.

2)The Jamaicans charged included _____________________ and all were believed to have ____________________________. They could all face ________________.

3)Another seven people of unknown nationality were arrested after police allowed a “mule” on the same flight to ____________________________________________

and ____________________________________ where he was delivering the drugs.

4)It is not clear if the smugglers were ________________________________ or acting separately.

A British Customs and Excise spokeswoman said the arrests underlined the fact that the British authorities would not tolerate drug smuggling and those who swallowed drugs were likely to get caught.

5)According to the spokeswoman, airlines _________________________________

____________________ when passengers’ behaviour was suspicious. For example,

if passengers __________________________________, typical behaviour of those who have swallowed drugs.

6)Customs officers have stressed that _____________________________________

_____________________________________________ In October, a woman coming from Kingston _______________________________.

7)A post-mortem found that she _______________________________________

8)More than 30 other people __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

9)The latest arrests and ______________________________ recently passed on several Jamaicans should deter people from drugs smuggling.

10)Officials admitted that there was also a problem ________________________

____________________________ and there is certainly no assumption that anyone and everyone coming from _____________________________________________

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UNIT 8 – Policing the Multicultural Society

11.The spokeswoman added that people in the UK do not automatically ____________

____________________________. They think of _____________________________. Jamaica has its problems but so does everywhere else.

12.Senior Superintendent Carl Williams of the Jamaican Police Force Narcotics Division stated that, since the beginning of 2001, ___________________________ and at least __________________________________ .

This is the slogan of the police campaign in England and Wales to improve ethnic representation in the police service and among civilian staff working with the police. The various forces have targets which should be achieved by 2005.

Discuss this selection from the table with a colleague, focusing on the representation and targets (correct - November 2002).

(E.M.O. = Ethnic Minority Officers)

1.Which force (apart from Northamptonshire) has been the most succesful in recruitment of ethnic minority officers?

2.If you were Chief Recruitment Officer in Merseyside how would you feel about achieving the target?

Very worried? Worried? Confident? Very confident?

3.And for Staffordshire?

4.Lancashire?

5.How successful has West Yorkshire police force been in recruiting ethnic minority officers?

Very successful? Quite…? Not very…? Not at all …?

6.What do you think of the Met’s situation?

With your partner, practice talking about the statistics in the table in a fluent, cohesive

way.

For example: The West Midlands police force has around 300 ethnic minority officers from over 7000 in the force. This represents just over 4% of all officers and compares with about 16% of ethnic minorities in the West Midlands region. To achieve the 2005 target, the West Midlands police will need to recruit 862 new officersalmost three times the present number.

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Read the text and answer the questions below.

More black people stopped and searched

Alan Travis, Guardian Weekly, March 14 2002

The number of black people who have been stopped and searched by police has increased, according to official figures released by the Home Secretary, David Blunkett. The latest figures show that the police use of their stop-and-search powers fell by a further 17% in the year to April 2001 but the number of black people stopped went up by 4%.

Black people are still seven times more likely to be stopped by police.

The new figures dispel the claim that the police have retreated from using powers to stop and search black people because of fear of being branded as racist. In an attempt to restore both the confidence of both the police and the ethnic minority communities in the use of stop- and-search, Mr Blunkett says in an interview published in the black newspaper

The Voice, that he will publish new guidelines. All those stopped by the police in future will be given a written ticket recording the event. It is expected that the extra bureaucratic burden on the police will be minimised by the uuse of hand-held computers by officers at the scene.

Answer the questions - TRUE or FALSE or IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY

1.The police have implemented a clearly-defined non-racist policy of stop-and-search.

2.The evidence for racial bias in stop-and-search comes from ethnic community reports.

3.Stop-and-search powers have generally been used more selectively over the previous year.

4.The police are critical of the Home Secretary’s new guidelines.

5.There will be even more stop and search with the new guidelines.

6.Modern technology will reduce some bureaucratic problems for officers.

7.It was widely assumed that the police had reduced their stop-and-search activities for ethnic minority groups.

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UNIT 9

TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS

INTRODUCTION

Discussion

•What is trafficking? Is there a difference between smuggling and trafficking?

•Who are trafficked?

•What are human beings trafficked for?

•What do you know about the world-wide nature of trafficking?

•How can illegal migration be an opportunity for organized crime?

•How are criminal organizations engaged in large-scale smuggling of illegal migrants into the European Union?

Comment on the text:

Throughout the 1990’s, Central and Eastern Europe witnessed a massive increase in migration from the Commonwealth of Independent states, in comparison with the previous levels under communist rule. The reasons that prompt people to move across international borders, are deeply embedded in the basic features characterizing many former socialist and third world countries (e.g. economic hardship, poor living conditions, ethnic tensions, armed conflicts, political instability etc). At present, another main point of entry into Europe from Asia and the Pacific is from the tip of North Africa to the southern regions of France and Spain.

The smuggling of “illegals” from South-East Asia is one of the biggest problems facing the European Union at the moment. A variety of immigrants enter Europe from all areas of the globe because of the array of possibilities that are available to the average “citizen”. It is believed that the Baltic States, Finland and Sweden are the main points of entry into Europe from the North. Two main migration routes lead through Poland. The Eastern route, controlled by Russian organized crime, is used to transport Asians, mainly Armenians, Indians, Afghans and Africans, mostly Somalis, Algerians and Nigerians. The southern route is most used by Balkan residents, with groups of Romanians, Albanians, Kosovars and Turks all heavily involved.

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¾ Activity 1

Having read the text, discuss how trafficking is a gross violation of human rights.

Make a list of the violations that are involved. Here is a surprising and shocking piece of information

West Sussex Social Services Department is among the best in the country (UK) in relation to treatment of separated children. Yet a total of 71 child asylum seekers –most of them girls from poor Nigerian familiesdisappeared from its care between October 1995 and December 2000. So far, only two of the missing children have been found and nobody knows the fate of the others. Police conclude that most have been taken by traffickers for prostitution, forced domestic labour or crime.

Consider …

TRAFFICKING IS

-increasing rapidly all over the world

-a crossborder issue with regional and global dimensions

-closely linked to, but distinct from, illegal labour migration

-a web of hidden, profitable, and expanding trade networks and movements of people, between countries of origin, transit and destination countries

IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE USE OF

-violence and force or threat of, deprivation of freedom of movement,

-confiscation of identity papers and travel documents, deceit, and debt bondage

-women and children for prostitution, but also for other forms of exploitation in the context of organized crime

-exploitation of anyone regardless of age, sex, or origin.

#Exercise 1

The following definition of trafficking of human beings is widely used. Complete the definition by filling in the blanks with appropriate words:

The illicit and (1)…………….movements of persons across national borders, largely from developing countries and some countries with economies in (2)…………, with the end goal of (3)………human beings into sexually or economically oppressive and

(4)…………….situations for profit of recruiters, traffickers and crime syndicates, as well as other (5)……..activities related to (6)…………., such as forced domestic labour, false marriages, clandestine employment and false adoption.

Choose the right word for each space:

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UNIT 9 – Trafficking in Human Beings

# Exercise 2 Women and Children… Trafficked for What Reasons?

Tick the illicit purposes in the tables. Discuss your answers with a colleague.

Use a good monolingual dictionary. Select at least two words from the list and illustrate different meanings and use for them in sentences. Some words operate as verbs, nouns or both.

Example: SECURE

John is working in the media so his job seems secure. (safe) That building looks very secure. (firmly built)

We must have a country with secure borders. (protected)

The equipment was secured to the lorry by strong ropes. (Fixed firmly)

CAUTION / BOOM / DELIVER/ DEAL / HARBOUR/ INTERFERENCE/ SHOW/ BOND

# Exercise 4 Trafficking in Children and Adults

Use the words from the box to complete the definition.

recruitment/ phenomenon/ facilitated/purpose/ lived/ areas/measures/use/ slavery/ patterns

All acts and attempted acts involved in the (1)………….., transportation within or across borders, purchase, sale, transfer, receipt or harbouring of a person involving the (2)………..of deception, coercion (including the use or threat of force of the abuse of authority) or debt bondage for the (3)………….of placing or holding such person, whether for pay or not, in involuntary servitude (domestic, sexual or reproductive) in forced or bonded labour, or in (4)……….-like conditions, in a community other than the one in which such person (5)……… at the time of the original deception, coercion, or debt bondage.

Despite the diversity and complexity of the (6)………… of trafficking in human beings, it is in all cases exploitative and extremely dangerous. Only by ascertaining the true character of trafficking can we hope to adapt appropriate (7)………….

against it. Interestingly, routes and patterns of trafficking are not static phenomena. They are dynamic, changing networks that are affected as much by culture as by technology and history. Moreover, in addition to following to some extent the historical trafficking (8)……………. within the family, many trafficking routes tend to resemble legal migration flows. As autonomous labour migrants must live in thriving economic (9)…………. in order to find lucrative work, so must traffickers exploit locations with a high population density, a demand for informal labour, and a base of fluid capital. Further, some types of trafficking, particularly trafficking for purposes of illegal adoption or sex tourism, are facilitated by advances in telecommunications technology, like the Internet. Not only is the sale of children itself made more accessible and inexpensive through telecommunications advances, but the expansion of existing criminal networks is (10)…………….

by rapid and enhanced contact-gathering and information exchange capacities.

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Now look back at the underlined vocabulary items. Add them to your “core” vocabulary lists.

A trafficking in human beings incident a few years ago ended in the death of over 50 Chinese “illegals” who were being transported in a refrigerated truck from Holland. The Dutch driver was later convicted of manslaughter.

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¾ Activity 2

Implementation of Human Rights

The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (the Helsinki Commission) was established by U.S. Congress in 1976 to monitor and report on the implementation of the decisions of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E).

Read the text, discuss with a partner and argue from different points of view about the issues involved.

Erich Honecker vs. Berlin Border Guards (Trials of Communism)

Important attempts to deliver justice have been obstructed or suspended more than once. In March 1991, to the surprise and fury of many human rights activists and ordinary people, the former President of East Germany, Erich Honecker escaped to the thenSoviet Union – ignoring a warrant for his arrest on charges of ordering border guards to shoot East Germans trying to escape to the West. After a long and complicated set of negotiations between the Germans, the Russians, and the Chileans (in whose Moscow Embassy Honecker had eventually sought refuge), Honecker was brought back to Germany for trial in July 1992.

Meanwhile, a related set of prosecutions had been undertaken at the other end of the chain of command. In July 1991, four former East German border guards were arrested in connection with the shooting of the last East Germans who tried to flee before the Berlin Wall “collapsed” in 1989. The trial awakened painful memories of the period after World War II, when the issue of responsibility for following the orders of an immoral regime was equally pertinent. It also aroused passionate arguments on both sides, from those who believed that the state had an obligation to hold East German ‘criminals’ responsible, no matter where they fell in the hierarchy, to those who suspected that the government was trying to make scapegoats out of “the little people because it is incapable of punishing the big guys”.

¾ Activity 3 Violence Erupts in Refugee ‘Hell’

The text is adapted from an article from “The Observer” (U.K.) 29 July 2001

Gang warfare has broken out in an asylum seekers’ camp in France after Eurotunnel barred their way to Britain, writes Stuart Jeffries.

They wait for their chance to make it through the Channel Tunnel, but, since security was tightened, they do so with increasing desperation. And now they are fighting among themselves. Last week’s fight started when a Kurd stabbed an Afghan man during a night-time attempt to board a British-bound freight train, reportedly in a dispute over identification documents. “It’s not a matter of us fighting against clandestine immigration,” said Francois Barel, Eurotunnel spokesman at Coquilles. “Rather, we’re defending our business and protecting the jobs we’ve created”. Eurotunnel employees have told French newspapers that they fear for their jobs because of a decline in traffic on their trains.

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One employee told Liberation “Trains which should be full are half empty. You feel powerless, but we’re worried about being made redundant before the end of year. The firm does what it can, but they’re overwhelmed. You can’t have a guard every 10 meters. Already four people have died so far this year trying to get on to the trains. I’ve got a friend who heard a refugee screaming who had got his feet crushed. We weren’t hired for that. We’re not paid to roll these trains over people or see them injure themselves. We feel abandoned by the public authorities. Everybody’s just washing their hands of the problem”.

One night last week 192 immigrants –including women with babies – were intercepted by guards. But a handful still regularly make it to England. Last week four men managed to reach Kent before being apprehended by police.

Here are some words for you to study:

1.To bar someone’s way = to obstruct; to hinder the progress of someone

2.To tighten = not allowing somebody to get in or out; to restrict

3.To stab somebody = to push a knife or other pointed object into somebody, causing injury

4.Redundant = no longer need for a job and therefore out of work

5.Overwhelmed = to be overloaded by something so you cannot respond satisfactorily

6.To roll = a movement from side to side

¾ Activity 4

Sex, Drugs and Illegal Migrants: Sarajevo’s Export Trade to Britain

Adapted from an article by Ian Burrell in Sarajevo, from” The Independent (UK), 21 January 2002 “

Read the text

There are wolves, bears and unexploded mines in the snow-covered elm and pine forests that divide Bosnia-Herzegovina from the outside world. Yet the borders of the young state that has become a springboard for illegal immigration to Britain are so porous that thousands of people are smuggled through its 432 mostly unmanned crossing points every month.

The situation is so serious that Tony Blair has persuaded the Bosnian government to allow a team of British immigration officials to try to plug the gaps being exploited by international organized crime.

Last week, in a mountain gorge that separates Bosnia from Montenegro, Steve Parke, a British immigration officer, and Ian Johnston, a Merseyside police officer, were checking lorries, cars and buses for signs of people headed illegally for the European Union and Britain. Mr. Johnston, who works for the United Nations as deputy chief of the Bosnian border service, said: "The border is crossable anywhere. All 1,600 kms [1,000 miles] are passable, depending on how desperate you are to cross into the next country."

Mafia gangs in Istanbul and Kosovo are exploiting the post-war destabilization in the former Yugoslavia, with its weak laws, liberal visa regimes and widespread corruption, to ferry Turkish, Iranian, Iraqi, Albanian and Afghan migrants into Europe for £5,000 a head.

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