интерпретативный подход

ɧɚɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ “ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ” ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ, ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ “Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ”) ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ.

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɯ, ɷɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɢɚɧɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ: ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɬɢɩɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ (ɇ.Ⱦɟɧɡɢɧ).

Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ (ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ+ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ) ɢ

ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɵɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɣ (ɫɦ. “ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ“). ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɢɥɢ ɱɭɠɞɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɫɬɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, “ɠɢɞɤɨɦ”

ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɬɢɩɚ: “ȿɟ ɥɢɰɟɜɵɟ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɵ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ”, ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ - “Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɞɦɢɝɧɭɥɚ ɟɦɭ” (Ƚ.Ɋɚɣɥ). Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɬɫɵɥɨɤ ɤ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɳɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɞɭ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɷɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ “ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ”, ɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ (ɪɟɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ) “ɝɭɫɬɨɟ” ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ (Ʉ.Ƚɢɪɬɰ). ȼ

60

ɬɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɹɫɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ “ɝɭɫɬɵɯ” ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɯ.

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ “ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɣ”, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɫ

ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɚ - ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ “ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ” ɢ “ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ” ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɣ, - ɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ (ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ) ɩɨɫɬɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ: “ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ-

ɤ-ɨɩɵɬɭ” ɢ “ɞɚɥɟɤɢɯ-ɨɬ-ɨɩɵɬɚ” (“Ʌɸɛɨɜɶ - ɷɬɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɟ-ɤ-ɨɩɵɬɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ;

ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɛɢɞɨ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ - ɞɚɥɟɤɨɟ-ɨɬ-ɨɩɵɬɚ”31).

“ɍɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ” ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ “ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ” ɜɟɪɫɢɢ. ȼ ɧɟɣ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɟɫɫɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɯɨɥɢɡɦɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɢɡ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ

(ɮɨɧɚ) ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɟɥɹɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ). ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ

ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, “ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ” ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ: ɞɚɠɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɹɬɢɜɢɫɬ, ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ 32-ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɚɸɳɢɯ “ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɢ” ɧɚɭɤɢ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ “ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɝɟɪɦɟɧɟɜɬɢɤɢ” ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɬ.ɩ., ɢ,

ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɢɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ

31Geertz, Clifford. From the Native’s Point of View: On the Nature of Anthropological Understanding// P.Rabinow, W.M.Sullivan (eds.) Interpretive Social Science: A Reader. Berkeley:University of California Press, 1979. P.227.

61

ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, “ɱɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɬɭɡɟɦɟɰ”. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɢɣ “ɧɟɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ”, ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ. ȼ

ɢɞɟɟ “ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ” ɨɩɵɬɚ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɢɞɟɸ “ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ”, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɭɸ ɦɢɲɟɧɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɡɦɚ

(Ⱦ.Ⱦɷɣɜɢɞɫɨɧ). ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ “ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɝɟɪɦɟɧɟɜɬɢɤɢ” ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɪɦ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ.

Ɍɟɦɚ 11: ɗɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ: ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ “ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɨɝɨ”

ɗɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ “ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ” ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɢɛɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ verstehen - ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ,

ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ, ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ - ɷɬɨ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ

“ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ” ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɵɬɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ ɧɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ.

ɗɬɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬ, ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ Ƚ.Ƚɚɪɮɢɧɤɟɥɹ, “ɭɦɟɥɵɣ” ɢ ɜ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.

Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɷɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ - ɧɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɥɸɞɟɣ

62

ɜɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ “ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ”

ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢɣ (ɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ (“ɷɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ”), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ “ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ” ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭ.

Ɍɚɤɨɟ “ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ” ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɵɦ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ -

ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ, - “ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ” ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɢɛɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɪɨɡɨɣ.

ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ƚɚɪɮɢɧɤɟɥɹ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫɨɦ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɤɚɭɡɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ “ɪɚɫɫɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɞɭɪɤɨɜ”,

ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ (ɫɦ.: “Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦ“). ȼ ɷɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ “ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ” ɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɨɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,

ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, “ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ” ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (ɢ,

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɜ, ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ “ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ” ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.).

Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɤ ɬɨɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɜ

ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɯ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ “ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ” (ɨɧɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɢɱɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ,

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ). Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ

63

ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɩɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ: ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɢɞ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɹɫɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɹɫɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ “ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ”). Ʉɚɤ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ (ɬ.ɟ.

ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ), ɬɚɤ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.

ɗɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,

ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ., ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɚ ɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ), ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɨ, “ɨɩɩɨɪɬɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ”, ɪɚɞɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ.

ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ - ”ɩɪɨɜɨɤɚɰɢɢ”, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɷɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ (ɤɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ) ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ “ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ”, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɹɜɧɨ ɛɟɡɭɦɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ. (Ɍɚɤ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ,

ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɤ “ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬɭ ɩɨ ɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ “ɞɚ” ɢ “ɧɟɬ”,

ɭɦɭɞɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɬɶ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟɥɟɩɵɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɚɦ.)

ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ

“ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ” ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ

“ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ”, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ “ɷɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɧɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ”

64

(ɏ.ɋɚɤɫ). ȿɝɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ - ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɬɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ,

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ

“ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ”.

Ʉɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɷɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ “ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ”, ɬɪɟɛɭɹ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɱɟɪɬɚɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ, ɢ ɷɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ “ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ” - ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. (ɋɪ. ɫ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ “ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ” ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɍɢɧɱɚ.) ɗɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜ

“ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ” ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɢɜɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɭ ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɬɨɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ

“ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ”. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɠɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɵɯ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨ “ɫɦɵɫɥɨɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ”, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ), ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ (Ⱦɠ.Ȼɨɯɦɚɧ).

65